Ege Bölgesi Önemli Kiraz Çeşitlerinin Döllenme Uyuşmazlığı Grupları Üzerinde Araştırmalar

Öz

Bu araştırma; 1981, 1982 ve 1983 yıllarında, Ege bölgesinde yetiştirilen önemli kiraz çeşitlerinin döllenme uyuşmazlığı grupları ve bununla ilgili diğer bazı özelliklerini saptamak amacıyla yapılmış ve aşağıdaki sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Araştırmaya alınan toplam 21 kiraz çeşidi 30 günlük bir çiçeklenme ile 44 günlük olgunlaşma süresini kapsamaktadır. Çiçek tozları %0, %10, %15 ve %20’lik şeker çözeltileriyle yapay çimlendirme denemelerine alınmış olup, en yüksek çimlenme %15’lik orandan elde edilmiştir. Çiçek tozu çimlenme oranları ile bahçe koşullarından elde edilen meyve tutumu oranları arasında kesin bir ilişkinin olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bahçe koşullarında yapılan karşılıklı tozlanmalar ve laboratuvarda flüoresanlı mikroskop ile çiçek tozu çim borularının dişicik borusu ve yumurtalıktaki gelişmelerinin gözlemlerine dayanılarak; Akşehir Napolyon’u, Siyah Gözüme ve 0900 Ziraat çeşitleri 4. uyuşmazlık (S₂S₃), Aydın Siyahı 1. uyuşmazlık (S₁S₂) grubunda bulunmuşlardır. Kara Kiraz da muhtemelen 11. uyuşmazlık grubunda bulunmaktadır. Farklı tozlayıcı çeşitler meyve ve çekirdek iriliğini etkilemişlerdir. Ayrıca, erkenci çeşitler olgunluk zamanını öne almışlar, geç çeşitler ise geciktirmişlerdir. Bu etki çeşitlere bağlı olarak, 1-3 gün arasında değişmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ege Bölgesi
• Kiraz
• Döllenme Uyuşmazlığı

Investigations on Pollination Incompatibility Groups of Sweet Cherries Grown in Aegean Region

Abstract

In this study, flowering and ripening periods, germinations of pollens in artificial conditions, pollen tube growth in the style and in the ovary, fruit set percentages resulting from reciprocal crossings, pollination incompatibility groups determined by S gene structures were all investigated. Furthermore, effect of pollinizers on fruit and stone size and maturation times were also studied. Experiments were basically conducted in 1981 and 1982 but, reciprocal pollinations were repeated once more in 1983 on the combinations showing incompatibility. The results are as follows: 1. Due to the close relations with pollination and fertilization, first, full and last blooming periods were recorded on all cultivars studied. 21 sweet cherry varieties under observation, have a flowering period of 30 days and were divided into 3 groups to be as early; mid and late-flowering. 2. The ripening period of all cultivars covers 43 days and it has been divided into 6 groups as being very early, early, early-mid, mid-late, late and very late. 3. In the studies of in vitro pollen germination tests on 21 sweet cherry cvs. the highest rate was 15% sucrose solution. A definite correlation between germination rate in vitro and fruit set percentage in vivo was not found. 4. Pollen-tube growth in the style was observed by means of "fluorescence". In all compatible combinations, it was observed that the pollen-tube reached the ovary. In incompatible ones such as Merton Premier × 0900 Ziraat, Merton Premier × Akşehir Napolyonu, on the other hand, pollen-tube growths were arrested in the middle of the style; in Merton Premier × Siyah Gözüme, they only grew up to one-fourth of the style; in Roundel × Aydın Siyahı, they were arrested at the beginning of the style. In Noble × Kara Kiraz combination, pollen-tubes passed over the style but, did not penetrate the ovary. 5. Pollen-tube/style incompatibility tests conducted in vitro were integrated in vivo conditions. In "compatible combinations". 92507 flowers belonging to 21 cvs and 475 pollination directions, were pollinated, out of them 16034 fruits were obtained. Cultivars with names Akşehir Napolyonu, Siyah Gözüme and 0900 Ziraat were found in the incompatibility group 4. with S₂S₃ structures. Aydın Siyahı in incompatibility group 1. with S₁S₂ structures and Kara Kiraz is probability in the incompatibility group 2. with unknown S gene structures. 6. Compatibility and incompatibility on the cvs studies so far were not depended on the directions of pollinations between female and male parents. 7. Results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies were found to be confirming each other. 8. Metaxenie was also studied with regard to fruit, stone size and ripening time in the cvs. Fruit size in 88 case and stone size in 77 out of 312 combinations were affected by pollinizers in 1982 and 1983. Different pollinizers affected ripening dates of the same cultivar. In 1982-1983, The early cultivars which were used as pollinizers accelerated the maturation in comparison with the late ripening ones and open pollinations on the average of 1-3 days depending upon the combinations. This effect was observed in 87 combinations of the totals reaching 156. 9. No positive correlation was found to exist between the fruit size and fruit set rate.

Keywords

• Aegean Region
• Cherry
• Fertilization Conflict

Kaynakça

1. Allard, R.W., 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, London, Sydney, 485p.
2. Anonyms, 1961. Plums and Cherries. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Yayın No:119 London, England. 74p.
3. Anonyms, 1963. The Pollination of Cherries. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Yayın No:486. England, 5p.
4. Arasu, N.T., 1968. Self-Incompatibility in Angiosperms. Genetica. 39:1-24.
5. Ayfer, M., 1967. Antep Fıstığında Megasporogenesis, Megagametogenesis, Embryogenesis ve Bunlarla İlgili Meyve Dökümleri Arasındaki Münasebetler. Dizerkonca Matbaası, İstanbul. Tarım Bakanlığı Teknik Kitap D-114. 54s.
6. Beketovskaya, A.A., 1970. Self and Cross Pollination of Sweet Cherry Varieties in the Ararat Plain of the Armenian SSR. Pl. Breed. Abs. 40:8374.
7. Bowman, F.T., 1937. Cherry Pollination and Variety Investigation in New South Wales, (R.L. Knight, Etidör). Abs. Bibl. of Fruit Breed, and Genet. to 1965 for Prunus. CAB, E. Mailing, England, Abst. No:398.
8. Brewbaker. J.L., 1957. Pollen Cytology and Incompatibility Systems in Plants. J. Hered. 48:271-277.

9. Brooks, R.M., M.V. Bradley, T.I. Anderson, 1950. Plant Microtechnique (Manual). Univ. of Calif., Davis, USA.
10. Chandler, W.H., 1965. Deciduous Orchards. 3. Basım. Henry Kimpton, London, England. 492p.
11. Cheadle. V.I., E.M. Gifford, E.K. Esau, 1953. Staining Combination for Phloem and Contiguous Tissues. Stain Tech. 28(2):49-53.
12. Crane, M.B., 1925. Self-Sterility and Cross-Incompatibility in Plums and Cherries. J. of Genet. 15(3):301-322.
13. Crane, M.B., 1938. The Formation and Development of Cherries. Sci. Hort. 6:223-228.
14. Crane, M.B., A.G. Brown, 1937. Incompatibility and Sterility in the Sweet Cherry Prunus avium L. J. Pom. Hort. Sci. 15:86-116.
15. Crane, M.B., W.C. Lawrence, 1929. Genetical and Cytological Aspects of Incompatibility and Sterility in Cultivated Fruits. J. Pom. Hort. Sci., 7:276-301.
16. Crane, M.B., W.C. Lawrence, 1931. Sterility and Incompatibility in Diploid and Ployploid Fruits. J. of Genet. 24:97-107.
17. De Vries, D.P., 1967. Phenological Stages in Sweet Cherry with Regard to pre-Selection. Euhytica. 16:177-182.
18. De Vries, D.P., 1968. Compatibility of Cherries in the Netherlands. Euphytica. 17:207-215.
19. Elizabeth, M.G., 1956. Blossoming Periods of Some Tree Fruits at E. Mailing. Ann. Rep. E. Mailing Res. Sta. E. Mailing, England. pp:89-90.
20. Flory, W.S., 1937. Cross-Sterility in Hybrid Plum Varieties. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta., Yayın No:409. Texas, USA, pp:43-45.
21. Gushchin, M.F., 1973. Pollinator Varieties. Pl. Breed. Abs. 43(1):604.
22. Heslop-Harrison, J., 1975. Incompatibility and the Pollen-Stigma Interaction. Ann-Rev. Pl. Physiol. 26:403-425.
23. Hesse, C.O., 1975. Peaches. (J. Janick, J.N. Moore Editor). Advances in Fruit Breeding. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafeyette, Indiana, USA. pp:292-294.
24. Kaşka, N., 1967. Kışın yapraklarını Döken Bazı Meyve Türlerinde Çiçek ve Yaprak Tomurcuklarının Yaz, Kış ve İlkbahar Dinlenmeleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Dizerkonca Matbaası, İstanbul. Tar. Bak. Tek. Kitap D-416.
25. Kho, Y.O., J. Baer, 1968. Observing Pollen-Tubes by Means of Fluorescence. Euphytica. 17:298-302.
26. Kobel, F., 1944. (Çeviren: S. Özbek). Meyveciliğin Fizyolojik ve Biyolojik Esasları. Yüksek Z. Enstitüsü Basımevi Ziraat Velt. Ana Kitaplar, sayı:1, Ankara, 269s.
27. Kobel, F., P. Steinegger, P., J. Anliker, 1938. Further Studies on Cherry Pollination. (R.L. Knight, Editör). Abs. Bibl. of Fruit Breed. and Genet. to 1965 for Prunus. CAB, E. Mailing, England, Abst. no:1502.
28. Kraff, B., 1976. Die Befruchtungsverhaltnisse des Obstbaumes. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Obst und Weinbau. 112(22, 23, 24, 25):531-540. 574-578, 609-613, 629-634.
29. Lapins, K.O., 1971. Basic Improvements in Sweet Cherry Through Breeding. Canad. Agric. 16:6-7.
30. Lawrence, W.J.C., 1968. Plant Breeding. Martin’s Press. New York, USA. 56p.
31. Leopold, A.C., P.E. Kriedemann, 1975. Plant Growth and Development. McGraw-Hill Comp., New York, USA. 545p.
32. Lewis, D., 1965. A Protein Dimer Hypothesis on Incompatibility. In: Proc. 11. Int. Cong. Genet 3:657-663.
33. Lewis, D., S. Burrage, D. Walls, 1967. Immunological Reaction of Single Pollen Grains, Electrophoresis and Enzymology of Pollen Protein Exudates. J. Exp. Bot. 18:371-378.
34. Matthews, P., K.P. Dow, 1969. Incompatibility Groups. Sweet cherry (P.avium) Appendix 3. Abst. Bibl. of Fruit Breed. and Genet. to 1960. Prunus. (R.L. Knight, editor). commonwealth Agricultural Bordeaux, E. Malting. England, pp:540-544.
35. Mattusch, P., 1970. Befruchtungsbiologic und Bluhverhalten eines Südbadischen Brennkirschensortiments. Erverbsobstbau. 12:47-49.
36. Misic, P.D., 1966. Male Sterility in the Progenies of Plum Variety "Early Red". Acta Agric. Scandinavica. 16:287-288.
37. Öz, F., 1977. Marmara Bölgesinin Önemli Yerli Kiraz Çeşitlilerinin Meyve Pomolojileri, Çiçek Morfolojileri ve Döllenme Biyolojileri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Uzmanlık Tezi. Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yalova, 68s.
38. Öz, F., 1981. Marmara Bölgesi için Ümitvar Yerli Kiraz Çeşitlerinin Dinlenme Uyuşmazlık Grupları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Bahçe 10(2):36-44.
39. Özçağıran, R., 1966. Kemalpaşa’nın Önemli Kiraz Çeşitleri Üzerinde Pomolojik ve Biyolojik Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın No:115, İzmir, 116s.
40. Sanfourehe, G., 1 965. La Pollinisation des Variétés de Cerises Douces (Prunus avium L). Ann. Amelior. Plantes 15(2):223-235.
41. Sass, J.E., 1958. Botanical Microtecnique. Iowa State Univ. Press, Iowa, USA.
42. Scarborough, S., 1960. Fruit Growing. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey, USA, 307p.
43. Shoemaker, J.S., B.J.E., Teskey, 1959. Tree Fruit Production. John Willey and Sons Inc., New York. USA, 456p.
44. Singh, I.S., 1975. Effects de la Température et du Niveau Floral Sur la Fertilité Pollinique Chez la Petunia. Ann. Amelior. Plantes. 25(4):365-370.
45. Smole, J., 1968. Cherry Growing in the Gorica Region. Proc. Symp. on Cherries and Cherry Growing. Inst. Obslb. u. Gemüseb., Univ. Bonn, W. Germany. pp:84-91.
46. Stancevic, A.S., 1967. The Study of the Sweet Cherries Flowering Period. J. of Yug. Pom. 1:21-31.
47. Stancevic, A.S., 1971-a. The Investigation of Fecundation of Some More Important Sweet Cherry Cultivars Rep. from Yug. Pom. 17-18:149-162.
48. Stancevic, A.S., 1971-b. Metaxenie in Sweet Cherries. Rep. from J. of Yug. Pom. 15:11-17.
49. Stancevic, A.S., M.V. Belie, 1971. The Study of Sweet Cherry Stones as a Key for Cultivar Determination. J. of Yug. Pom. 17-18:169-172.
50. Tufts, W.P., G.L. Philp, 1925. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry. Agric. Exp. Sta. Yayın No:385.
51. Berkeley, Calif., USA, 28p.
52. Tukey, H.B., 1933. Embryo Abortion in Early Ripening Varieties of Prunus avium L. Bot. Gaz. 94:433-468.
53. Turotsev, N.I., 1974. Biological Characteristics of Flowering and Pollination in Sweet Cherry Cultivars in Southern Ukraine. Hort. Abst. 44(9):6370.
54. Vocior, S., 1977. Studies on Biologic of Pollen Produced by Sour Cherry at Different Flowering Dates Hort. Abst. 47(2):1213.
55. Voloshina, A.A., 1972. Pollen Viability in Sweet Cherry, Sour Cherry and Their Hybrids. Pl. Breed. Abst. 42(4):8822.
56. Way, R.D., 1968. Pollen Incompatibility Groups of Sweet Cherry Clones. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 92:119-123.
57. Westwood, M.N., 1978. Temperate-Zone Pomology. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, USA. 404p.
58. Westwood, M.N., T.M. Grim, 1962. Effects of Pollinizer Placement on Long-Term Yield of Anjou, Bartlett and Bose Pears. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 81:103-107.
59. Zagaja, S.W., 1964. Growth of Seedlings from Immature Fruit Tree Embryos. Proc. Balsgard Fruit Breed. Symp. the Su. Univ. of Agric. Sci., Balsgard, Sweden, pp:181-183.
60. Zielinski, O.B., W.A. Sistrunk, W.M. Mellenthin, 1959. Sweet Cherries for Oregon. Agric. Exp. Sta., Yayın No:570. Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 19p.