Farklı Ekim Zamanlarının Ve Gibberellik Asit’in Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. Tohumlarının Çıkış Özelliklerine Etkisi

Öz

Campanulaceae familyasına ait olan Campanula L. cinsinin Türkiye’de 125 doğal türü (135 takson) bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma; Türkiye Florasında doğal yayılış gösteren ve süs bitkisi olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip C. glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. taksonunda yürütülmüştür. C. glomerata L. subsp. hispida taksonun olgunlaşmış tohumları, Ilgaz Dağı’nın (Türkiye) 1780 m yüksekliğinde doğal olarak yayılış gösteren popülasyonlarından toplanmıştır. Farklı ekim zamanlarının ve gibberellik asit (GA₃) uygulamasının, tohumların çıkış özelliklerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. GA₃ uygulanmış ve uygulanmamış (kontrol) tohumlar, ısıtmasız sera koşullarında, 5 farklı dönemde (Ekim, Kasım, Aralık, Şubat, Mart ayları) ekilmiş, çıkış oranı ve ortalama çıkış süresi belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, çıkış oranı (ÇO) %22.50 ile %75.50 arasında, ortalama çıkış süresi (OÇS) 3.96 ile 12.99 hafta arasında değişmiştir. Çıkış oranı ve süresi kriterleri için ön uygulama × ekim zamanı interaksiyonu önemli bulunmuştur. Çıkış özellikleri yönünden en başarılı sonuçlar, Mart (ÇO: %75.50; OÇS: 3.96 hafta) ve Ekim (ÇO: %75.50; OÇS: 4.29 hafta) aylarında ekilen GA₃ uygulanmış tohumlardan elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Campanula,dormansi,tohum çıkışı,GA₃,ön uygulama

Effects Of Different Sowing Times And Gibberellic Acid On Emergence Characteristics Of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. Seeds

Abstract

The genus Campanula L. belonging to the Campanulaceae family is represented with 125 native species (135 taxa) in Turkey. This study was conducted with C. glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek. taxa which having ornamental plant potential and widely distributed in Flora of Turkey. Freshly–matured seeds of C. glomerata subsp. hispida taxa were collected from wild populations of growing in Ilgaz Mountain (Turkey) at an altitude of 1780 m. The effects of different sowing times and gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatment on emergence characteristics of seeds were investigated. Treated with 1000 mg l^–¹ GA₃ and untreated (control) seeds were sowed under unheated greenhouse conditions in 5 different times (October, November, December, February and March) and emergence rates and mean emergence times were determined. According to obtained results, emergence percentage (EP) varied between 22.50% and 75.50%, the mean emergence time (MET) changed between 3.96 and 12.99 weeks. Statistical interaction between pre–treatment and sowing times for emergence percentage and mean emergence time was found significant. The most successful results in terms of emergence characteristics were obtained from the seeds treated with gibberellic acid in March (EP: %75.50; MET: 3.96 weeks) and October (EP: %75.50; MET: 4.29 weeks)

Keywords

• Campanula,dormancy,GA₃,pre–treatment,seed emergence

Kaynakça

1. Ægisdóttir, H.H. and Thórhallsdóttir, T.E., 2006. Breeding system evolution in the Arctic: a comparative study of Campanula uniflora in Greenland and Iceland. Arctic. Antarctic and Alpine Research 38(3):305–312.
2. Alçıtepe, E., 2011. New combinations in Campanula Sect. Quinqueloculares from Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botaniy 4:2243–2254.
3. Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M., 1998. Seeds. Ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination. 666p. San Diego: Academic Press.
4. Baskin, C.C. and Baskin J.M., 2005. Seed dormancy in wild flower. Flower Seeds: Biology and Technology, (Eds. McDonald, M.B.; Kwong, F.Y.), ISBN:0851999069, 171p., USA.
5. Benech–Arnold, R.L., Enciso, S., Sanchez, R.A. and Rodriguez, M.V., 2003. On the hormonal nature of the stimulatory effect of high incubation temperatures on germination of dormant sorghum (S. bicolor) caryopses. New Phytologist 160:371–377.
6. Bernini, A., Marconi G. and Polani, F., 2002. Campanule d’Italiae dei territori limitrofi. Verba & Scripta, Pavia, Italy, 20–24 (in Italian).
7. Damboldt, J., 1978. Campanula L. In: Davis PH, editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol.6. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp.2–64.
8. Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. and Tan, K., 1988. Campanula L. In: Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K. (Eds.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Suppl.1), Vol.10. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp.177–180.

9. Debeaujon, I. and Koornneef, M., 2000. Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic Abscisic Acid–Plant Physiol. 122:415–424.
10. Duman, İ., Eser, B. ve Yoltaş, T., 1991. Domateste ekim öncesi tohum uygulamalarının çimlenme ve fide çıkısına etkileri. Türkiye 5. Seracılık Sempozyumu, İzmir, 255–266s.
11. Duman, İ. ve Eşiyok, D., 1998. Ekim öncesi PEG ve KH₂PO₄ uygulamalarının havuç tohumlarının çimlenme ve çıkış oranı ile verim üzerine etkileri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 22:445–449.
12. Geneve, R.L., 1998. Seed dormancy in commercial vegetable and flower species. Seed Technology 20(2):236–250. ISSN: 1096–0724. USA.
13. Gülbağ, F. and Özzambak, M.E., 2017. Effect of light, temperature, and different pre–treatments on seed germinatıon of Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek (Campanulaceae). Propagation of Ornamental Plants. 17(4):120–125.
14. Koutsovoulou, K. and Thanos, C.A., 2010. Light requirement and skotodormancy in campanulaceae an ecophysiological approach. Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference, June 2010, p:98–99 Salt Lake City, U.S.A.
15. Koutsovoulou, K., Daws, M.I. and Thanos, C.A., 2013. Campanulaceae: a family with small seeds that require light for germination. Annals of Botany Page 1 of 9 doi:10.1093/aob/mct250, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org.
16. Khansari, E., Zarre, S., Alizadeh, K., Attar, F., Aghabeigi, F. and Salmaki, Y., 2012. Pollen morphology of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and allied genera in Iran with special focus on its systematic implication. Flora 207:203–211.
17. Lammers, T.G., 2007. Campanulaceae Jussieu. In: Kadereit, J.W., Jeffrey, C., editors. The families and genera of cascular plants VIII. Asterales. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 26–57pp.
18. Murray, G., 1989. Osmoconditioning carrot seed for improved emergence. Hort. Science 24(4):701.
19. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. and Aslan, S., 2009. Check list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey IV. Turkish Journal of Botany 33:191–226.
20. Scariot, V., Seglie, L., Caser, M. and Devecchi, M., 2008. Evaluation of ethylene sensitivity and postharvest treatments to improve the vase life of four Campanula Species. Europ. J. Hort. Sci. 73(4):166–170.
21. Yamauchi, Y., Ogawa, N., Kuwahara, A., Hanada, A., Kamiya, Y. and Yamaguchi, S., 2004. Activation of gibberellin biosynthesis and response pathways by low temperature during imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Plant Cell. 16:367–378.
22. Yıldırım, H., 2013. Campanula mugeana sp. nov. (Campanulaceae) from western Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany, 31:419–425.
23. Yıldırım, H. and Şenol, S.G., 2014. Campanula alisan–kilincii (Campanulaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 38(1):22–30.
24. Yıldırım, H., Altıoğlu, Y., Gemici, M. and Gül, R., 2016. Two new records and a confirmation for the vascular flora of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40:676–680