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Transformation of Carbon Emissions in G-7 Countries within the Framework of International Environmental Agreements

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 14, 26 - 32, 27.03.2026

Sadullah Özel , Muhammed İnal

https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1888550
https://izlik.org/JA79ZR29KL

Öz

This study analyzes the impacts of signed international environmental agreements on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for the period 1990-2023 in the context of the G-7 countries. The main objective of the study is to reveal the structural transformations in emission trends resulting from the regulations developed within the framework of international environmental agreements, particularly the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The dates of regime shifts in the emission series were determined using the Bai-Perron multiple structural break test. The findings indicate that significant breaks occurred during the Kyoto negotiations and implementation period (1997-2005) and after the Paris Agreement (2015-2017). In addition, economic shocks such as the global financial crisis and the European debt crisis have also affected the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. Environmental agreements have been partially successful in reducing absolute emissions in the G-7 countries. Their share of total emissions decreased from 40% in 1990 to 20% in 2023. However, differences persist across countries, and the weak binding nature of mechanisms based on flexible commitments leads to varying outcomes in emissions reductions. In this context, the study emphasizes the decisive role of environmental agreements in shaping global emissions policies. It also highlights the need for stronger monitoring mechanisms in the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International Environmental Agreements Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement International Environmental Law Energy Law CO₂ emissions

Etik Beyan

Artificial intelligence tools were used in language corrections.

Kaynakça

  • [1] S. Mukhtarov, "Do renewable energy and total factor productivity eliminate CO2 emissions in Turkey?," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 307-324, 2024.
  • [2] H. Kim, M. Kim, H. Kim, and S. Park, "Decomposition analysis of CO2 emission from electricity generation: Comparison of OECD countries before and after the financial crisis," Energies, vol. 13, no. 14, p. 3522, 2020.
  • [3] D. Bodansky and H. Van Asselt, The art and craft of international environmental law. Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • [4] A. N. Albayrak and S. H. Bostanci, "The Aim of Sustainable Urban Development and Climate Change Policies," in International Sustainable Buildings Symposium, 2017: Springer, pp. 220-230.
  • [5] C. Cui, D. Guan, D. Wang, V. Chemutai, and P. Brenton, Emerging emitters and global carbon mitigation efforts. World Bank, 2020.
  • [6] J. R. Fleming, Historical perspectives on climate change. Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • [7] R. Heede, "The evolution of corporate accountability for climate change," in Litigating the Climate Emergency: How Human Rights, Courts, and Legal Mobilization Can Bolster Climate Action C. Rodríguez-Garavito Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 239–254.
  • [8] P. Lawn and P. A. Lawn, Resolving the climate change crisis. Springer, 2016.
  • [9] L. C. Buelens, H. Poelman, G. B. Marin, and V. V. Galvita, "110th anniversary: carbon dioxide and chemical looping: current research trends," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 58, no. 36, pp. 16235-16257, 2019.
  • [10] IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • [11] R. Revelle and H. E. Suess, "Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades," Tellus, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 18-27, 1957.
  • [12] K. Skrable, G. Chabot, and C. French, "World atmospheric CO2, its 14C specific activity, non-fossil component, anthropogenic fossil component, and emissions (1750–2018)," Health Physics, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 291-305, 2022.
  • [13] C. D. Keeling, "The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas," Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 322-334, 1958.
  • [14] W. R. Moomaw, "Climate Protection and Energy Policy," in Encyclopedia of Energy vol. 1, ed: Elsevier, 2004.
  • [15] I. C. Okogbule, D. O. Agwor, and E. H. Nyekwere, "The historical development of international environmental law: A legal appraisal," 2022.
  • [16] P. Sands, J. Peel, A. Fabra Aguilar, and R. MacKenzie, Principles of international environmental law, 4 ed. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • [17] W. M. O. (WMO), "Declaration of the World Climate Conference," in World Climate Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1979: World Meteorological Organization. [Online]. Available: https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf. [Online]. Available: https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf
  • [18] IPCC, "Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment," 1990. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf
  • [19] G. H. Brundtland, "Our common future world commission on environment and developement," 1987.
  • [20] U. Nations, "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)," United Nations, New York, United States, International Convention 1992. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
  • [21] U. Nations, "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," United Nations, Kyoto, Japan, International Agreement / Protocol 1998. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
  • [22] J. T. Houghton et al., Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press, 2001.
  • [23] L. Rajamani, "The Durban platform for enhanced action and the future of the climate regime," International & Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 501-518, 2012.
  • [24] J. Blunden. "2013 State of the Climate: Carbon Dioxide Tops 400 ppm." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/2013-state-climate-carbon-dioxide-tops-400-ppm (accessed 8 July, 2025).
  • [25] UNFCCC, "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Nineteenth Session, held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013," in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2014.
  • [26] U. Nations, "Paris Agreement," United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Paris, France, International Agreement 2015. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
  • [27] A. Kiss and D. Shelton, Guide to international environmental law. Brill, 2007.
  • [28] L. Rajamani, "The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations," Journal of environmental law, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 337-358, 2016.
  • [29] J. M. Smallwood, Implementing international environmental law and policy: An interactive approach to environmental regulation. Taylor & Francis, 2024.
  • [30] A. Jordan, D. Huitema, H. Van Asselt, H. D. Asselt, and J. Forster, Governing climate change: Polycentricity in action? Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • [31] T. Hale, "Catalytic cooperation," Global Environmental Politics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 73-98, 2020.
  • [32] R. Falkner, "The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics," International Affairs, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 1107-1125, 2016.
  • [33] (2021). The United States Nationally Determined Contribution: Reducing Greenhouse Gases in The United States: A 2035 Emissions Target. [Online] Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-12/United%20States%202035%20NDC.pdf
  • [34] F. S. Bellelli, R. Scarpa, and A. Aftab, "An empirical analysis of participation in international environmental agreements," Journal of environmental economics and management, vol. 118, p. 102783, 2023.
  • [35] M. Chen and Z. Xu, "Assessing socio-ecological fit of international environmental agreements and trade-embodied carbon flows," Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 106, p. 107534, 2024.
  • [36] A. Jahanger, I. Ozturk, J. C. Onwe, S. O. Ogwu, M. R. Hossain, and A. A. Abdallah, "Do pro-environmental interventions matter in restoring environmental sustainability? Unveiling the role of environmental tax, green innovation and air transport in G-7 nations," Gondwana Research, vol. 127, pp. 165-181, 2024.
  • [37] H. Kanaboshi, F. Sano, J. Oda, K. Akimoto, and N. Onishi, "Cost-efficient measures in the oil refinery and petrochemical sectors for the reduction of CO2 emissions under the Paris Agreement and air pollution under the MARPOL Convention," Energy and Climate Change, vol. 2, p. 100027, 2021.
  • [38] K. Mehmood, S. Tauseef Hassan, X. Qiu, and S. Ali, "Comparative analysis of CO 2 emissions and economic performance in the United States and China: Navigating sustainable development in the climate change era," Geoscience Frontiers, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 101843, 2024.
  • [39] M. Günther and T. Hellmann, "International environmental agreements for local and global pollution," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 81, pp. 38-58, 2017.
  • [40] L. Schneider and S. La Hoz Theuer, "Environmental integrity of international carbon market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement," Climate Policy, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 386-400, 2019.
  • [41] A. Michaelowa, I. Shishlov, and D. Brescia, "Evolution of international carbon markets: lessons for the Paris Agreement," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 10, no. 6, p. e613, 2019.
  • [42] J. Bai and P. Perron, "Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes," Econometrica, pp. 47-78, 1998.
  • [43] J. Bai and P. Perron, "Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models," Journal of applied econometrics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2003.

ULUSLARARASI ÇEVRE ANLAŞMALARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE G-7 ÜLKELERİNDE KARBON EMİSYONLARININ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 14, 26 - 32, 27.03.2026

Sadullah Özel , Muhammed İnal

https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1888550
https://izlik.org/JA79ZR29KL

Öz

Bu çalışma, G7 ülkeleri bağlamında 1990-2023 dönemi için imzalanan uluslararası çevre anlaşmalarının karbondioksit (CO₂) emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, özellikle Kyoto Protokolü ve Paris Anlaşması çerçevesinde geliştirilen düzenlemelerden kaynaklanan emisyon eğilimlerindeki yapısal dönüşümleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Emisyon serilerindeki rejim değişikliklerinin tarihleri, Bai-Perron çoklu yapısal kırılma testi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, Kyoto müzakereleri ve uygulama dönemi (1997-2005) ve Paris Anlaşması sonrasında (2015-2017) önemli kırılmaların meydana geldiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, küresel finans krizi ve Avrupa borç krizi gibi ekonomik şoklar da çevre politikası uygulamasının etkinliğini etkilemiştir. Çevre anlaşmaları, G7 ülkelerinde mutlak emisyonları azaltmada kısmen başarılı olmuştur. Toplam emisyonlardaki payları 1990'da %40'tan 2023'te %20'ye düştü. Bununla birlikte, ülkeler arasında farklılıklar devam etmekte ve esnek taahhütlere dayalı mekanizmaların zayıf bağlayıcılığı, emisyon azaltımında farklı sonuçlara yol açmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma, küresel emisyon politikalarının şekillenmesinde çevresel anlaşmaların belirleyici rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, gelecekte daha güçlü izleme mekanizmalarına duyulan ihtiyacı da ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Çevre Anlaşmaları Kyoto Protokolü Paris Anlaşması Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku Enerji Hukuku CO₂ emisyonları

Etik Beyan

Dil düzeltmelerinde yapay zeka araçlarından yararlanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • [1] S. Mukhtarov, "Do renewable energy and total factor productivity eliminate CO2 emissions in Turkey?," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 307-324, 2024.
  • [2] H. Kim, M. Kim, H. Kim, and S. Park, "Decomposition analysis of CO2 emission from electricity generation: Comparison of OECD countries before and after the financial crisis," Energies, vol. 13, no. 14, p. 3522, 2020.
  • [3] D. Bodansky and H. Van Asselt, The art and craft of international environmental law. Oxford University Press, 2024.
  • [4] A. N. Albayrak and S. H. Bostanci, "The Aim of Sustainable Urban Development and Climate Change Policies," in International Sustainable Buildings Symposium, 2017: Springer, pp. 220-230.
  • [5] C. Cui, D. Guan, D. Wang, V. Chemutai, and P. Brenton, Emerging emitters and global carbon mitigation efforts. World Bank, 2020.
  • [6] J. R. Fleming, Historical perspectives on climate change. Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • [7] R. Heede, "The evolution of corporate accountability for climate change," in Litigating the Climate Emergency: How Human Rights, Courts, and Legal Mobilization Can Bolster Climate Action C. Rodríguez-Garavito Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 239–254.
  • [8] P. Lawn and P. A. Lawn, Resolving the climate change crisis. Springer, 2016.
  • [9] L. C. Buelens, H. Poelman, G. B. Marin, and V. V. Galvita, "110th anniversary: carbon dioxide and chemical looping: current research trends," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 58, no. 36, pp. 16235-16257, 2019.
  • [10] IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • [11] R. Revelle and H. E. Suess, "Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades," Tellus, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 18-27, 1957.
  • [12] K. Skrable, G. Chabot, and C. French, "World atmospheric CO2, its 14C specific activity, non-fossil component, anthropogenic fossil component, and emissions (1750–2018)," Health Physics, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 291-305, 2022.
  • [13] C. D. Keeling, "The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas," Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 322-334, 1958.
  • [14] W. R. Moomaw, "Climate Protection and Energy Policy," in Encyclopedia of Energy vol. 1, ed: Elsevier, 2004.
  • [15] I. C. Okogbule, D. O. Agwor, and E. H. Nyekwere, "The historical development of international environmental law: A legal appraisal," 2022.
  • [16] P. Sands, J. Peel, A. Fabra Aguilar, and R. MacKenzie, Principles of international environmental law, 4 ed. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • [17] W. M. O. (WMO), "Declaration of the World Climate Conference," in World Climate Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1979: World Meteorological Organization. [Online]. Available: https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf. [Online]. Available: https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf
  • [18] IPCC, "Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment," 1990. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf
  • [19] G. H. Brundtland, "Our common future world commission on environment and developement," 1987.
  • [20] U. Nations, "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)," United Nations, New York, United States, International Convention 1992. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
  • [21] U. Nations, "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," United Nations, Kyoto, Japan, International Agreement / Protocol 1998. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
  • [22] J. T. Houghton et al., Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press, 2001.
  • [23] L. Rajamani, "The Durban platform for enhanced action and the future of the climate regime," International & Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 501-518, 2012.
  • [24] J. Blunden. "2013 State of the Climate: Carbon Dioxide Tops 400 ppm." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/2013-state-climate-carbon-dioxide-tops-400-ppm (accessed 8 July, 2025).
  • [25] UNFCCC, "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Nineteenth Session, held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013," in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2014.
  • [26] U. Nations, "Paris Agreement," United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Paris, France, International Agreement 2015. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
  • [27] A. Kiss and D. Shelton, Guide to international environmental law. Brill, 2007.
  • [28] L. Rajamani, "The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay between hard, soft and non-obligations," Journal of environmental law, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 337-358, 2016.
  • [29] J. M. Smallwood, Implementing international environmental law and policy: An interactive approach to environmental regulation. Taylor & Francis, 2024.
  • [30] A. Jordan, D. Huitema, H. Van Asselt, H. D. Asselt, and J. Forster, Governing climate change: Polycentricity in action? Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • [31] T. Hale, "Catalytic cooperation," Global Environmental Politics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 73-98, 2020.
  • [32] R. Falkner, "The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics," International Affairs, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 1107-1125, 2016.
  • [33] (2021). The United States Nationally Determined Contribution: Reducing Greenhouse Gases in The United States: A 2035 Emissions Target. [Online] Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-12/United%20States%202035%20NDC.pdf
  • [34] F. S. Bellelli, R. Scarpa, and A. Aftab, "An empirical analysis of participation in international environmental agreements," Journal of environmental economics and management, vol. 118, p. 102783, 2023.
  • [35] M. Chen and Z. Xu, "Assessing socio-ecological fit of international environmental agreements and trade-embodied carbon flows," Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 106, p. 107534, 2024.
  • [36] A. Jahanger, I. Ozturk, J. C. Onwe, S. O. Ogwu, M. R. Hossain, and A. A. Abdallah, "Do pro-environmental interventions matter in restoring environmental sustainability? Unveiling the role of environmental tax, green innovation and air transport in G-7 nations," Gondwana Research, vol. 127, pp. 165-181, 2024.
  • [37] H. Kanaboshi, F. Sano, J. Oda, K. Akimoto, and N. Onishi, "Cost-efficient measures in the oil refinery and petrochemical sectors for the reduction of CO2 emissions under the Paris Agreement and air pollution under the MARPOL Convention," Energy and Climate Change, vol. 2, p. 100027, 2021.
  • [38] K. Mehmood, S. Tauseef Hassan, X. Qiu, and S. Ali, "Comparative analysis of CO 2 emissions and economic performance in the United States and China: Navigating sustainable development in the climate change era," Geoscience Frontiers, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 101843, 2024.
  • [39] M. Günther and T. Hellmann, "International environmental agreements for local and global pollution," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 81, pp. 38-58, 2017.
  • [40] L. Schneider and S. La Hoz Theuer, "Environmental integrity of international carbon market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement," Climate Policy, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 386-400, 2019.
  • [41] A. Michaelowa, I. Shishlov, and D. Brescia, "Evolution of international carbon markets: lessons for the Paris Agreement," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 10, no. 6, p. e613, 2019.
  • [42] J. Bai and P. Perron, "Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes," Econometrica, pp. 47-78, 1998.
  • [43] J. Bai and P. Perron, "Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models," Journal of applied econometrics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2003.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sadullah Özel 0000-0003-4053-873X

Muhammed İnal 0000-0003-0165-6565

Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1888550
IZ https://izlik.org/JA79ZR29KL
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Özel, S., & İnal, M. (2026). Transformation of Carbon Emissions in G-7 Countries within the Framework of International Environmental Agreements. Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 14, 26-32. https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1888550

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Authors are required to revise their papers according to reviewers’ comments and suggestions within the given time frame. The final publication decision—acceptance, revision, or rejection—is made by the Editor-in-Chief after considering the reviewers’ recommendations and the scientific merit of the manuscript.

This single-blind review process ensures impartial evaluation, promotes academic integrity, and supports high-quality scientific publication standards in BAJECE.

Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere and are not currently under consideration by another journal. The submitting author is responsible for ensuring that the article’s publication has been approved by all the other coauthors. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author's obligation to notify the publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper. It is also the authors’ responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular institution are submitted with the approval of the necessary institution. Only an acknowledgment from the editorial office officially establishes the date of receipt. Further correspondence and proofs will be sent to the author(s) before publication unless otherwise indicated. It is a condition of submission of a paper that the authors permit editing of the paper for readability.

BAJECE is committed to following the Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) . It is a duty of our editors to follow Cope Guidance for Editors and our peer-reviewers must follow COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers .

If you have any questions, please contact the relevant editorial office, or Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (BAJECE)' ethics representative: bajece@hotmail.com

Download a PDF version of the Ethics and Policies [PDF,392KB].

Reviewer Process Information

BAJECE employs a single-blind peer review process to ensure scientific quality, fairness, and transparency. In this review model, reviewers are able to see the authors’ names and affiliations, while authors do not have access to the reviewers’ identities. This approach allows reviewers to provide objective, detailed, and constructive feedback while maintaining their anonymity.

All submitted manuscripts are first evaluated by the Editorial Board for relevance, structure, and adherence to journal guidelines. Papers that meet the initial criteria are then assigned to at least two independent reviewers who are experts in the related research area. Reviewers assess manuscripts based on originality, technical accuracy, clarity, methodology, and scientific contribution.

Authors are required to revise their papers according to reviewers’ comments and suggestions within the given time frame. The final publication decision—acceptance, revision, or rejection—is made by the Editor-in-Chief after considering the reviewers’ recommendations and the scientific merit of the manuscript.

This single-blind review process ensures impartial evaluation, promotes academic integrity, and supports high-quality scientific publication standards in BAJECE.

Atıf Dizinleri

TR Dizin
International Innovative Journal of Impact Factor (IIJIF)
CrossRef
Open Access Library (oalib)
Index Copernicus
CiteFactor
DRJI
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory

Diğer Dizinler

Index Copernicus

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Musa YILMAZ
Tahir Cetin AKINCI
Md SHAFİULLAH
Ümit TERZİ
Behnam MOHAMMADİ-İVATLOO
Kalpana CHAUHAN
Gouthamkumar NADAKUDİTİ
Hemant Kumar GİANEY

All articles published by BAJECE are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.Creative Commons Lisans