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Aşı Tereddüdü ve Ebeveynlerin Tutumları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 199 - 204, 31.08.2021

Öz

Aşı kavramı geçtiğimiz yüzyıldan beri insan hayatının önemli bir parçası olarak görülmektedir. Hastalıklardan korunma ve tedavi aşamalarında insan sağlığında etkin bir şekilde rol oynamaktadır. Aşıların içeriği ve oluşumunda kullanılan maddeler bazı bireyler tarafından onaylanmamakta ve hayati önem taşıyan aşılar dahi tercih edilmemektedir. Aşı tereddüdü çeşitli toplumlarda günden güne yaygınlaşmaktadır. Özellikle ebeveynler hastalıklar konusunda oldukça savunmasız olan çocukları için aşılamayı reddetmektedirler. Ebeveynlerin bu tutumları aşıların içeriklerine, bireyler tercihlere, eğitim durumuna, yaşanılan coğrafyaya, toplum algısına ve sosyal etkilere göre değişmektedir. Bu sebeple bazı kişi veya topluluklar aşılamanın yanlış bir uygulama olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu kişi ve topluluklar arasında özellikle dikkat çeken bireyler ebeveynlerdir. Ebeveynler çocuklarının sağlıkları için uygulanabilecek girişimleri değerlendirmekte ve karar verme aşamasını kendileri gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu duruma göre aşı tereddüdü yaşayan ebeveynlerin çocukları hayati öneme sahip olsa dahi aşı uygulamasından mahrum kalmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aşı Konusunda Yaşanan Tereddütler, Aşı Reddi ve Aşı Karşıtlığı Konusunda Etik Kurul Görüşü. (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.ttb.org.tr/makale_goster.php?Guid=c21adfbc-e1c4-11e8-b159-336a7b2d6c99 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 2. Gür, E. (2019). Aşı Kararsızlığı-Aşı Reddi. Türk Pediatri Arşiv, 54(1): 1–2.
  • 3. Crescitelli Diaz, ME. Ghirotto, L.Sisson, H. Sarli, L. at all. (2020). A meta-synthesis study of the key elements involved in chilhood vaccine hesitancy. Public Health, 180 38-45.
  • 4. Sadaf, A., Richards, J. L., Glanz, J., Salmon,D. A ve Omer, S. B. (2013). A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine, 31(40), 4293–4304.
  • 5. Immunization coverage. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 6. Hausman, LB., Ghebremichael M., Hayek P ve Mack E. 'Poisonous, filthy, loathsome, damnable stuff': the rhetorical ecology of vaccination concern. Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Dec 12;87(4):403-16.
  • 7. Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence. (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccine-Studies-Examine-the-Evidence.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 8. What’s in Vaccines?. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/additives.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020)
  • 9. Attwell, K., Smith, D.T., Ward, P.R. (2018). “The Unhealthy Other”: How vaccine rejecting parents construct the vaccinating mainstream. Vaccine, 36(12), 1621–1626.
  • 10. Özceylan, G.Toprak D, Esen SE. (2020). Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.
  • 11. Smith, T. C. (2017). Vaccine Rejection and Hesitancy: A Review and Call to Action. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(3).
  • 12. Yüksel, G.H ve Topuzoğlu, A. (2019). Aşı Redlerinin Artması ve Aşı Karşıtlığını Etkileyen Faktörler ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, (244-258).
  • 13. Çetin, C.ve Anuk, Ö. (2019). Sosyal Politika Bakış Açısı ile Sürdürülebilir Toplum Sağlığı için Ebeveynlerin Aşı Kararları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1).
  • 14. From measles to the flu, more Turkish parents are saying no to vaccines. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-26/measles-flu-more-turkish-parents-are-saying-no-vaccines (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020)
  • 15. Özer, M., Fidrmuc, J ve Eryurt, M,A. Türkiye’de anne eğitimi ve çocukluk aşıları. (2018). Maternal education and childhood immunization in Turkey. Health Economics, 27(8), 1218–1229.
  • 16. Bozkurt, H.B. (2018). Aşı Reddine Genel Bir Bakış ve Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi. Kafkas J Med Sci, 8(1):71–76.
  • 17. Wombwell, E., Fangman M.T., Yoder A.K.ve Spero, D.L. (2015). Religious Barriers to Measles Vaccination. J Community Health, 40:597–604.
  • 18. Azizi, M.F. Kew, Y. ve Moy, F. M. (2017). Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia. Vaccine, 35(22), 2955–2961.
  • 19. Buttenheim, A. M., Jones, M., Mckown, C., Salmon, D., ve Omer, S. B. (2018). Conditional admission, religious exemption type, and nonmedical vaccine exemptions in California before and after a state policy change. Vaccine, 36(26), 3789–3793.
  • 20. Hendrix, K. S., Sturm, L. A., Zimet, G. D., ve Meslin, E. M. (2016). Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 273–278.
  • 21. McDuffie, DC. Sacred immunity: religion, vaccines, and the protection of publichealth in America. (2020). J Public Health (Berl.).
  • 22. Krok-Schoen, J. L., Bernardo, B. M., Weier, R. C., Peng, J., Katz, M. L., Reiter, P. L., Paskett, E. D. (2017). Belief About Mandatory School Vaccinations and Vaccination Refusal Among Ohio Appalachian Parents: Do Demographic and Religious Factors, General Health, and Political Affiliation Play a Role? The Journal of Rural Health, 34(3), 283–292.
  • 23. Black, S., & Rappuoli, R. (2010). A Crisis of Public Confidence in Vaccines. Science Translational Medicine, 2(61), 61mr1–61mr1.
  • 24. Peretti-Watel, P., Larson, H. J., Ward, J. K., Schulz, W. S., & Verger, P. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion. PLoS currents, 25;7.
  • 25. Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., ve Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: A critical review. Social Science & Medicine, 112, 1–11.
  • 26. Berry, N. J., Henry, A., Danchin, M., Trevena, L. J., Willaby, H. W., ve Leask, J. (2017). When parents won’t vaccinate their children: a qualitative investigation of australian primary care providers’ experiences. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1).
  • 27. Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Walter, N., Shir-Raz, Y., Sassoni Bar-Lev, O., ve Rosenblat, S. (2017). The behind-the-scenes activity of parental decision-making discourse regarding childhood vaccination. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(3), 267–271.
  • 28. Dubé, E., Gagnon, D., Ouakki, M., Bettinger, J. A., Witteman, H. O., MacDonald, S., ve Greyson, D. (2018). Measuring vaccine acceptance among Canadian parents: A survey of the Canadian Immunization Research Network. Vaccine, 36(4), 545–552.
  • 29. Costa-Pinto, J. C., Willaby, H. W., Leask, J., Hoq, M., Schuster, T., Ghazarian, A., Danchin, M. H. (2017). Parental Immunisation Needs and Attitudes Survey in paediatric hospital clinics and community maternal and child health centres in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(5), 522–529.
  • 30. Leib, S., Liberatos, P., ve Edwards, K. (2011). Pediatricians’ Experience with and Response to Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns and Vaccine Refusals: A Survey of Connecticut Pediatricians. Public Health Reports, 126(2), 13–23.
  • 31. Leask, J., Kinnersley, P., Jackson, C., Cheater, F., at al. (2012). Communicating with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatrics 12, 154.
  • 32. Rozbroj, T, Lyons, A, Lucke, J. (2019). Psychosocial and demographic characteristics relating to vaccine attitudes in Australia. Patient Educ Couns. 102(1):172-179.
  • 33. Peretti‐Watel, P., Ward, J. K., Vergelys, C., Bocquier, A., Raude, J., ve Verger, P. (2019). “I Think I Made The Right Decision … I Hope I”m Not Wrong’ . Vaccine hesitancy, commitment and trust among parents of young children. Sociology of Health & Illness. 41(49), 1-15.
  • 34. Luyten, J., Bruyneel, L., ve van Hoek, A. J. (2019). Assessing vaccine hesitancy in the UK population using a generalized vaccine hesitancy survey instrument. Vaccine. 2019;37(18):2494-2501.
  • 35. Mohd Azizi, F. S., Kew, Y., ve Moy, F. M. (2017). Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia. Vaccine, 35(22), 2955–2961.
  • 36. Smith, P. J., Humiston, S. G., Marcuse, E. K., Zhao, Z., Dorell, C. G., Howes, C., & Hibbs, B. (2011). Parental delay or refusal of vaccine doses, childhood vaccination coverage at 24 months of age, and the Health Belief Model. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 126(2), 135–146.
  • 37. Sandhofer, M. J., Robak, O., Frank, H., & Kulnig, J. (2016). Vaccine hesitancy in Austria. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 129(1-2), 59–64.
  • 38. Gilbert, N. L., Gilmour, H., Wilson, S. E., ve Cantin, L. (2017). Determinants of non-vaccination and incomplete vaccination in Canadian toddlers. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13(6), 1447–1453
  • 39. Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Smith, D. M. D., ve Paterson, P. (2014). Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine, 32(19), 2150–2159.
  • 40. Larson, H. J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W. S., Verger, P., Johnston, I. G., ve Jones, N. S. (2016). The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey. EBioMedicine, 12, 295–301.
  • 41. Gulgun, M., Fidanci, K., Karaoglu, A., Gunes, O., Kesik, V., Altun, S. Ve Saldir, M. (2014). Investigation of 0-24 months vaccination status in children applied to pediatric outpatient clinic in a Military Hospital. Gulhane Medical Journal, 56(1), 13.
  • 42. Immunizations. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/immun (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 43. Signorelli, C., Odone, A., Cella, P. ve Iannazzo, S. (2018). Childhood vaccine coverage in Italy after the new law on mandatory immunization. Immunization coverage in Italy. 30(1), 1-10 .
  • 44. Saada, A., Lieu, T. A., Morain, S. R., Zikmund-Fisher, B. J. ve Wittenberg, E. (2014). Parents’ Choices and Rationales for Alternative Vaccination Schedules. Clinical Pediatrics, 54(3), 236–243.
  • 45. Williams, J. T. B., Rice, J., Cox-Martin, M., Bayliss, E. A., ve O’Leary, S. T. (2019). Religious Vaccine Exemptions in Kindergartners: 2011–2018. Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 144 (6).
  • 46. Global Vaccine Action Plan. (2014). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/gvap_secretariat_report_2014.pdf?ua=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 47. Improving vaccination demand and addressing hesitancy. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/vaccine_hesitancy/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 48. Vaccine hesitancy determining the scale of the challenge. (2016). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/research/forums_and_initiatives/2_SGoldstein_VH_Determining_Scale_challenge_gvirf16.pdf?ua=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).

Vaccine Hesits and Parents Attitudes

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 199 - 204, 31.08.2021

Öz

The concept of vaccination has been seen as an important part of human life since the last century. It plays an active role in human health in the prevention and treatment stages of diseases. The ingredients and ingredients used in vaccines are not approved by some individuals, and even vital vaccines are not preferred. Vaccination hesitation is widespread in various societies. Parents in particular refuse to vaccinate for their children who are very vulnerable to illness. These attitudes of parents change according to the content of vaccines, individuals preferences, educational background, geography, social perception and social effects. For this reason, some people or communities argue that vaccination is a wrong practice. Particularly notable among these people and communities are parents. Parents evaluate the initiatives that can be applied for their children's health and take the decision-making phase themselves. Accordingly, the children of parents who hesitate to vaccinate are deprived of vaccination even if it is of vital importance.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aşı Konusunda Yaşanan Tereddütler, Aşı Reddi ve Aşı Karşıtlığı Konusunda Etik Kurul Görüşü. (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.ttb.org.tr/makale_goster.php?Guid=c21adfbc-e1c4-11e8-b159-336a7b2d6c99 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 2. Gür, E. (2019). Aşı Kararsızlığı-Aşı Reddi. Türk Pediatri Arşiv, 54(1): 1–2.
  • 3. Crescitelli Diaz, ME. Ghirotto, L.Sisson, H. Sarli, L. at all. (2020). A meta-synthesis study of the key elements involved in chilhood vaccine hesitancy. Public Health, 180 38-45.
  • 4. Sadaf, A., Richards, J. L., Glanz, J., Salmon,D. A ve Omer, S. B. (2013). A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine, 31(40), 4293–4304.
  • 5. Immunization coverage. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 6. Hausman, LB., Ghebremichael M., Hayek P ve Mack E. 'Poisonous, filthy, loathsome, damnable stuff': the rhetorical ecology of vaccination concern. Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Dec 12;87(4):403-16.
  • 7. Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence. (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccine-Studies-Examine-the-Evidence.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 8. What’s in Vaccines?. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/additives.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020)
  • 9. Attwell, K., Smith, D.T., Ward, P.R. (2018). “The Unhealthy Other”: How vaccine rejecting parents construct the vaccinating mainstream. Vaccine, 36(12), 1621–1626.
  • 10. Özceylan, G.Toprak D, Esen SE. (2020). Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.
  • 11. Smith, T. C. (2017). Vaccine Rejection and Hesitancy: A Review and Call to Action. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(3).
  • 12. Yüksel, G.H ve Topuzoğlu, A. (2019). Aşı Redlerinin Artması ve Aşı Karşıtlığını Etkileyen Faktörler ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, (244-258).
  • 13. Çetin, C.ve Anuk, Ö. (2019). Sosyal Politika Bakış Açısı ile Sürdürülebilir Toplum Sağlığı için Ebeveynlerin Aşı Kararları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1).
  • 14. From measles to the flu, more Turkish parents are saying no to vaccines. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-26/measles-flu-more-turkish-parents-are-saying-no-vaccines (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020)
  • 15. Özer, M., Fidrmuc, J ve Eryurt, M,A. Türkiye’de anne eğitimi ve çocukluk aşıları. (2018). Maternal education and childhood immunization in Turkey. Health Economics, 27(8), 1218–1229.
  • 16. Bozkurt, H.B. (2018). Aşı Reddine Genel Bir Bakış ve Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi. Kafkas J Med Sci, 8(1):71–76.
  • 17. Wombwell, E., Fangman M.T., Yoder A.K.ve Spero, D.L. (2015). Religious Barriers to Measles Vaccination. J Community Health, 40:597–604.
  • 18. Azizi, M.F. Kew, Y. ve Moy, F. M. (2017). Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia. Vaccine, 35(22), 2955–2961.
  • 19. Buttenheim, A. M., Jones, M., Mckown, C., Salmon, D., ve Omer, S. B. (2018). Conditional admission, religious exemption type, and nonmedical vaccine exemptions in California before and after a state policy change. Vaccine, 36(26), 3789–3793.
  • 20. Hendrix, K. S., Sturm, L. A., Zimet, G. D., ve Meslin, E. M. (2016). Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 273–278.
  • 21. McDuffie, DC. Sacred immunity: religion, vaccines, and the protection of publichealth in America. (2020). J Public Health (Berl.).
  • 22. Krok-Schoen, J. L., Bernardo, B. M., Weier, R. C., Peng, J., Katz, M. L., Reiter, P. L., Paskett, E. D. (2017). Belief About Mandatory School Vaccinations and Vaccination Refusal Among Ohio Appalachian Parents: Do Demographic and Religious Factors, General Health, and Political Affiliation Play a Role? The Journal of Rural Health, 34(3), 283–292.
  • 23. Black, S., & Rappuoli, R. (2010). A Crisis of Public Confidence in Vaccines. Science Translational Medicine, 2(61), 61mr1–61mr1.
  • 24. Peretti-Watel, P., Larson, H. J., Ward, J. K., Schulz, W. S., & Verger, P. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion. PLoS currents, 25;7.
  • 25. Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., ve Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: A critical review. Social Science & Medicine, 112, 1–11.
  • 26. Berry, N. J., Henry, A., Danchin, M., Trevena, L. J., Willaby, H. W., ve Leask, J. (2017). When parents won’t vaccinate their children: a qualitative investigation of australian primary care providers’ experiences. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1).
  • 27. Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Walter, N., Shir-Raz, Y., Sassoni Bar-Lev, O., ve Rosenblat, S. (2017). The behind-the-scenes activity of parental decision-making discourse regarding childhood vaccination. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(3), 267–271.
  • 28. Dubé, E., Gagnon, D., Ouakki, M., Bettinger, J. A., Witteman, H. O., MacDonald, S., ve Greyson, D. (2018). Measuring vaccine acceptance among Canadian parents: A survey of the Canadian Immunization Research Network. Vaccine, 36(4), 545–552.
  • 29. Costa-Pinto, J. C., Willaby, H. W., Leask, J., Hoq, M., Schuster, T., Ghazarian, A., Danchin, M. H. (2017). Parental Immunisation Needs and Attitudes Survey in paediatric hospital clinics and community maternal and child health centres in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(5), 522–529.
  • 30. Leib, S., Liberatos, P., ve Edwards, K. (2011). Pediatricians’ Experience with and Response to Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns and Vaccine Refusals: A Survey of Connecticut Pediatricians. Public Health Reports, 126(2), 13–23.
  • 31. Leask, J., Kinnersley, P., Jackson, C., Cheater, F., at al. (2012). Communicating with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatrics 12, 154.
  • 32. Rozbroj, T, Lyons, A, Lucke, J. (2019). Psychosocial and demographic characteristics relating to vaccine attitudes in Australia. Patient Educ Couns. 102(1):172-179.
  • 33. Peretti‐Watel, P., Ward, J. K., Vergelys, C., Bocquier, A., Raude, J., ve Verger, P. (2019). “I Think I Made The Right Decision … I Hope I”m Not Wrong’ . Vaccine hesitancy, commitment and trust among parents of young children. Sociology of Health & Illness. 41(49), 1-15.
  • 34. Luyten, J., Bruyneel, L., ve van Hoek, A. J. (2019). Assessing vaccine hesitancy in the UK population using a generalized vaccine hesitancy survey instrument. Vaccine. 2019;37(18):2494-2501.
  • 35. Mohd Azizi, F. S., Kew, Y., ve Moy, F. M. (2017). Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia. Vaccine, 35(22), 2955–2961.
  • 36. Smith, P. J., Humiston, S. G., Marcuse, E. K., Zhao, Z., Dorell, C. G., Howes, C., & Hibbs, B. (2011). Parental delay or refusal of vaccine doses, childhood vaccination coverage at 24 months of age, and the Health Belief Model. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 126(2), 135–146.
  • 37. Sandhofer, M. J., Robak, O., Frank, H., & Kulnig, J. (2016). Vaccine hesitancy in Austria. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 129(1-2), 59–64.
  • 38. Gilbert, N. L., Gilmour, H., Wilson, S. E., ve Cantin, L. (2017). Determinants of non-vaccination and incomplete vaccination in Canadian toddlers. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13(6), 1447–1453
  • 39. Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Smith, D. M. D., ve Paterson, P. (2014). Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine, 32(19), 2150–2159.
  • 40. Larson, H. J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W. S., Verger, P., Johnston, I. G., ve Jones, N. S. (2016). The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey. EBioMedicine, 12, 295–301.
  • 41. Gulgun, M., Fidanci, K., Karaoglu, A., Gunes, O., Kesik, V., Altun, S. Ve Saldir, M. (2014). Investigation of 0-24 months vaccination status in children applied to pediatric outpatient clinic in a Military Hospital. Gulhane Medical Journal, 56(1), 13.
  • 42. Immunizations. (2019). Erişim adresi: https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/immun (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 43. Signorelli, C., Odone, A., Cella, P. ve Iannazzo, S. (2018). Childhood vaccine coverage in Italy after the new law on mandatory immunization. Immunization coverage in Italy. 30(1), 1-10 .
  • 44. Saada, A., Lieu, T. A., Morain, S. R., Zikmund-Fisher, B. J. ve Wittenberg, E. (2014). Parents’ Choices and Rationales for Alternative Vaccination Schedules. Clinical Pediatrics, 54(3), 236–243.
  • 45. Williams, J. T. B., Rice, J., Cox-Martin, M., Bayliss, E. A., ve O’Leary, S. T. (2019). Religious Vaccine Exemptions in Kindergartners: 2011–2018. Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 144 (6).
  • 46. Global Vaccine Action Plan. (2014). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/gvap_secretariat_report_2014.pdf?ua=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 47. Improving vaccination demand and addressing hesitancy. (2020). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/vaccine_hesitancy/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
  • 48. Vaccine hesitancy determining the scale of the challenge. (2016). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/immunization/research/forums_and_initiatives/2_SGoldstein_VH_Determining_Scale_challenge_gvirf16.pdf?ua=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 28/07/2020).
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Yavuz Tanrıkulu 0000-0003-1869-5149

Gözdenur Tanrıkulu Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9110-8612

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tanrıkulu, Y., & Tanrıkulu, G. (2021). Aşı Tereddüdü ve Ebeveynlerin Tutumları. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.777829

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