Sürdürülebilirlik ve Ahşap Malzemede Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi Kullanımı

Yıl 2024, , 298 - 305, 15.08.2024

Göksu Şirin , Deniz Aydemir , Gökhan Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1345241

Öz

Bugün var olan ekolojik sistem süreç ve üretkenliğinin gelecekte de devam ettirilebilmesi sürdürülebilirliğin temelidir. Ahşap, doğadaki yenilenebilir ve geri dönüşümlü önemli malzeme kaynaklarındandır. Sürdürülebilirlik gibi karmaşık sorunları çözmek için büyük verileri işleyerek farklı sistemlerin çevresel etkilerini değerlendiren ve kıyaslayan birçok araç geliştirilmiştir. Yeni uygulamalarda, dar kapsamlı ve kısa vadeli çözümler sunan yöntemlerin yerini, sürdürülebilirliğin çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik boyutlarını içeren çevre yönetimi ve temiz üretim çalışmalarının almaya başladığı görülmektedir. Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi (YDA), ürünlerin çevresel etkilerini değerlendirmek için uluslararası kabul görmüş ve standartlaştırılmış bir yöntemdir. Analiz yöntemi, endüstriyel ürünlerin yaşam döngüsünde çevresel açıdan değerlendirilmesi amacıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Üretim süreçlerinin sürdürülebilirliğinin ve çevreye etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan YDA, hammaddelerin üretiminden başlar ve ürünlerin ömrünü tamamlayıp atık haline gelene kadar olan süreci takip eder. Birçok araştırmacı, YDA aracının, ürünlerin daha etkili ve çevresel açıdan daha uygun olarak üretilmesi konusunda olumlu katkısı bulunduğuna dair hemfikirdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ahşap malzeme, Çevresel etkiler, Hayat boyu değerlendirme, Sürüdürülebilirlik, Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi

Sustainability and Use of Life Cycle Analysis in Wood Material

Öz

Sustainability is possible if the current ecological system process and productivity can be continued in the future. Wood is one of the important renewable and recyclable material resources in nature. Many methods have been developed to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of different systems by processing big data to solve complex problems such as sustainability. In new studies, it is seen that the methods that offer narrow and short-term solutions have started to be replaced by environmental management and cleaner production studies, which include the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is the internationally accepted and standardized method for evaluating the environmental impacts of products. The analysis method has emerged for the purpose of environmental evaluation of industrial products in their life cycle LCA, which is used to evaluate the sustainability of production processes and their impact on the environment, starts from the production of raw materials and follows the process until the products end their life and become waste. Many authors agree on the fact that the use of the LCA tool results in more effective and on appropriate environmental improvement of products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental effects, life cycle analysis, life cycle assessment, sustainability, wood materials

Kaynakça

• Akyol, A. ve Tolunay, A. (2006). Türkiye’de sürdürülebilir orman kaynakları yönetimi, ilkeleri, göstergeleri ve uygulamaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 221-234. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sdufenbed/issue/20780/221863
• Alanya-Rosenbaum, S., Bergman, R. D., Wiedenbeck, J., Hubbard, S. S. and Kelley, S. S. (2022). Life cycle assessment of utilizing freshly cut urban wood: A case study. Urban Forestry Urban Gree-ning, 76, 127723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127723
• Al-Huthaifi, A. A. M. M. ve Altan, M. F. (2021). Yapı sektöründe uygulanan yaşam döngüsü değerlendir-mesinde karşılaşılan sorunlara çözüm önerileri. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(1), 194-210. https://doi.org/10.52520/masjaps.47
• Beaussier, T., Caurla, S., Bellon-Maurel, V., Delacote, P. and Loiseau, E. (2022). Deepening the territorial Life Cycle Assessment approach with partial equilibrium modelling: First insights from an application to a wood energy incentive in a French region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 179, 106024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106024
• Bennich, T., Belyazid, S., Stjernquist, I., Diemer, A., Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S. and Kalantari, Z. (2021). The bio-based economy, 2030 Agenda, and strong sustainability – a regional- scale assessment of sustai-nability goal interactions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 125174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125174
• Bergman, R., E., Puettmann, M., Eastin, I. and Ganguly, I. (2014). Updating of US wood product life-cycle assessment data for environmental product declarations. World conference on timber engineering, (pp. 10-14). Quebec City, Canada. Erişim adresi: https://www.fpl.fs.usda.gov/documnts/pdf2014/fpl_2014_bergman006.pdf
• Bostancıoğlu, E. ve Düzgün Birer, E. (2004). Ekoloji ve Ahşap: Türkiye’de ahşap malzemenin geleceği. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 37-44. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/202835
• Cobut, A., Beauregard, R. and Blanchet, P. (2013). Using life cycle thinking to analyze environmental labe-ling: the case of appearance wood products. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, 722-742. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-012-0505-S
• Crafford, P., L., Wessels, C. B. and Blumentritt, M. (2021). Sustainability and wood constructions: A re-view of green building rating systems and life-cycle assessment methods from a South African and developing world perspective. Advances in Building Energy Research, 15(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2018.1528884
• Culaba, A. B. and Purvis, M. R. I. (1999). A methodology for the life cycle and sustainability analysis of manufacturing processes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 7(6), 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(99)00231-0
• Deat, (2004). Life cycle assessment, ıntegrated environmental management. Information Series 9, Depart-ment of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Pretoria. ISBN 0-9584728-5-8. Erişim adresi: https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/series9_lifecycle_assessment.pdf
• Diederichs, S. K. (2014). 2010 Status quo for life cycle inventory and environmental impact assessment of wood-based panel products in Germany. Wood and Fiber Science, 3, 340-355. Erişim adresi: https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/191
• Duan, Z., Huang, Q. and Zhang, Q. (2022). Life cycle assessment of mass timber construction: A re-view. Building and Environment, 221, 109320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109320
• Ekşi, G. ve Çırak, C. R. (2017). Farklı bakış açılarıyla LCA incelemesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ocak. Eri-şim adresi: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51344961/Farkli_Bakis_Acilariyla_LCA_Incelemesi
• Gaines, L. and Stodolsky, F. (1997). Life-Cycle Analysis: Uses and pitfalls. Air and waste management association 90th annual meeting & exhibition conference. Ontario, Canada. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255258522_Lifecycle_analysis_Uses_and_pitfalls
• Gerilla, G., Teknomo, K. and Hokao, K. (2007). An environmental assessment of wood and steel reinforced concrete housing construction. Building and Environment, 42, 2778-2784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.021
• Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T. and Reck, B. K. (2015). On the materials basis of modern soci-ety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20), 6295-6300. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312752110
• Güleryüz, M. ve Dostoğlu, N. (2011). Yapıların strüktürel sisteminde malzeme seçiminin sürdürülebilir tasarım bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Mimarlıkta Taşıyıcı Sistemler Sempozyumu. İstanbul, Türkiye. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340818564
• Güner, C., Gökşen, F. ve Koçhan, A. (2017). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma modeli için çevre duyarlı yapılarda malzeme seçiminin incelenmesi. Akademia Disiplinlerarası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 1-14. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/adbad/issue/33581/338091
• Hackenhaar, I. C., Almenar, J. B., Elliot, T. and Rugani, B. (2022). A spatiotemporally differentiated pro-duct system modelling framework for consequential life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction, 333, 130127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130127
• Hischier, R., Althaus, H. J. and Werner, F. (2005). Developments in wood and packaging materials life cyc-le inventories in ecoinvent. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10, 50-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2004.11.181.6
• Hossaina, U., Poona, C.S., Lo, I.M. and Cheng, J.C. (2016). Comparative LCA on using waste materials in the cement industry: A Hong Kong case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 120, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.012
• Höglmeier, K., Weber-Blaschke, G. and Richter, K. (2014). Utilization of recovered wood in cascades ver-sus utilization of primary wood - a comparison with life cycle assessment using system expan-sion. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19, 1755-1766. DOI 10.1007/s11367-014-0774-6
• Hu, S., Guan, X., Guo, M. and Wang, J. (2018). Environmental load of solid wood floor production from larch grown at different planting densities based on a life cycle assessment. Journal of Forestry Re-search, 29, 1443-1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0529-x
• ISO, (2008). International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14000 Essentials. Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023. Erişim adresi: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_14000_essentials
• ISO, (2006). International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040 Environmental management - life cycle assessment - principles and framework. Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
• ISO, (2006). International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14044 Environmental management - life cycle assessment - requirements and management. Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.iso.org/search.html?q=14044
• Kaya, M. U. ve Türkeri, N. (2010). Dış duvar sistemlerinde kullanılan yapı malzemelerinin yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi. 5. Ulusal Çatı ve Cephe Sempozyumu. İzmir, Türkiye. Erişim adresi: https://www.catider.org.tr/pdf/sempozyum5/Semp%205%20Bildiri%2002.pdf
• Klöpffer, W. and Grahl, B. (2014). Life cycle assessment (LCA): A guide to best practice. Wiley-VCH. ISBN: 9783527655625. DOI:10.1002/9783527655625
• Kohlmaier, G. H., Weber, M., Houghton, R. A. and Richter, K. (1998). Life cycle assessment of wood pro-ducts. Carbon dioxide mitigation in forestry and wood industry, 219-248. Springer Nature. Erişim ad-resi: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-03608-2
• Lemke, C. (2021). Accounting and statistical analyses for sustainable development: Multiple perspectives and information-theoretic complexity reduction (p. 31). Springer Nature. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33246-4
• Pajchrowski, G., Noskowiak, A., Lewandowska, A. and Strykowski, W. (2014). Wood as a building mate-rial in the light of environmental assessment of full life cycle of four buildings. Construction and Bu-ilding Materials, 52, 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.066
• Pawelzik, P., Carus, M., Hotchkiss, J., Narayan, R., Selke, S., Wellisch, M., Weiss, M., Wicke, M. and Patel, M. K. (2013). Critical aspects in the life cycle assessment (LCA) if bio-based materials—reviewing methodologies and deriving recommendations. Resources Conservation Recycling, 73, 211–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.006
• Pehnt, M. (2006). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Renewable Energy, 31(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002
• Perez-Garcia, J., Lippke, B., Comnick, J. and Manriquez, C. (2005). An assessment of carbon pools, stora-ge, and wood products market substitution using life-cycle analysis results. Wood and Fiber Science, December, 140-148. Erişim adresi: https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/840
• Quéheille, E., Ventura, A., Saiyouri, N. and Taillandier, F. (2022). A Life Cycle Assessment model of end-of-life scenarios for building deconstruction and waste management. Journal of Cleaner Produc-tion, 339, 130694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130694
• Şahin, M. E., Kalaycıoglu, H. ve Aras, U. (2022). Odun esaslı levha sektöründe Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi’ne bir bakış. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9(Özel Sayı), 342-354. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1096193
• Takano, A., Hafner, A., Linkosalmi, L., Ott, S., Hughes, M. and Winter, S. (2015). Life cycle assessment of wood construction according to the normative standards. European Journal of Wood and Wood Pro-ducts, 73, 299-312. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0890-4
• Tsalidis, G. A., Soeteman-Hernández, L. G., Noorlander, C. W., Saedy, S., van Ommen, J. R., Vijver, M. G. and Korevaar, G. (2022). Safe-and-sustainable-by-design framework based on a prospective life cycle assessment: Lessons learned from a nano-titanium dioxide case study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074241
• Yavuz, V. A. (2010). Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı ve işletmeler açısından sürdürülebilir üretim stratejile-ri/concept of sustainability and sustainable production strategies for business practices. Mustafa Ke-mal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(14), 63-86. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mkusbed/issue/19556/208640