Nanocellulose: structure, types, and applications

Abstract

In recent years, due to increasing environmental awareness, climate changes, and oil depletion, petroleum-derived materials have begun to be replaced by materials obtained from natural resources and biodegradable. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer in the world, can be obtained from various sources (trees, plants, algae, animals, amoeba, bacteria, etc.). Cellulose is a material that has been used for centuries in many fields, especially paper. With the development of nanotechnology, cellulose gained a new form, and the material called Nanocellulose (NC). NC, a natural nanomaterial obtained from the plant cell wall, is one of the prominent green materials. A great variety of resources are used in NC production. Promising NCs have a high aspect ratio and better mechanical properties than cellulose. NC contains plenty of functional hydroxyl groups. In this way, it has a wide range of uses through chemical reactions. Nowadays, NCs have started to be used as reinforcement materials, especially in polymer composites. Nanocellulose is an ideal material that will form the basis of a new biopolymer composite industry. There are three different types: crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BC). In this review about NCs, which are seen as future materials due to their properties, NC types, advantages, and usage areas are mentioned.

Keywords

• Cellulose
• nanocellulose
• crystalline nanocellulose
• cellulose nanofibril
• bacterial nanocellulose

Nanoselüloz: yapısı, çeşitleri ve kullanım alanları

Öz

Son yıllarda artan çevre bilinci, iklim değişiklikleri ve petrolün tükenmesi, gibi nedenlerden dolayı petrol türevli malzemelerin yerini doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen ve doğada parçalanabilen malzemeler almaya başlamıştır. Dünyada en çok bulunan doğal bir polimer olan selüloz çeşitli kaynaklardan (ağaç, bitki, su yosunu, hayvan, amip, bakteri vb.) elde edilebilmektedir. Öncelikle kağıt olmak üzere pek çok alanda yüzyıllardır kullanılan bir malzeme olan selüloz nanoteknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yeni bir form kazanmış ve Nanoselüloz (NC) adı verilen malzeme ortaya çıkmıştır. Bitki hücre duvarından elde edilebilen doğal bir nanomateryal olan NC öne çıkan yeşil malzemelerden birisidir. NC üretiminde kullanılan kaynaklar fazla ve çok çeşitlidir. Gelecek vaat eden NC’ ler yüksek en-boy oranına sahip olup, selüloza nazaran daha iyi mekanik özelliklere sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra yenilenebilir bir malzeme olup, biyouyumlu olması da artan çevresel endişeler dolasıyla bu malzemeyi cazip kılmaktadır. İçeriğinde bol miktarda fonksiyonel hidroksil grubu barındırdığından dolayı kimyasal reaksiyonlarla çok geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Günümüzde özellikle polimer kompozitler içeresine NC takviye edilmeye başlamıştır. Yeni bir biyopolimer kompozit endüstrisinin temelini oluşturacak ideal malzemeler olarak görülen nanoselülozun; selüloz nanokristal (CNC), selüloz nanofibril (CNF) ve bakteriyel nanoselüloz (BC) olmak üzere üç farklı çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Sahip olduğu özellikler nedeniyle geleceğin malzemesi olarak görülen NC’ ler ile ilgili bu derlemede NC çeşitlerinden, avantajlarından ve kullanım alanlarından bahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Selüloz
• nanoselüloz
• kristalin nanoselüloz
• nanofibril selüloz
• bakteriyel nanoselüloz

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