Carnauba ve Soya Mumu Kullanılarak Üretilen Biyobazlı Kâğıt Kaplamaların Su Bariyer Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Gıda uygulamaları için kâğıt ve karton ambalajların kuvvetli nem direncine sahip olmaları ve dispersiyon kaplama uygulamaları, basım ve ambalaj sektörünün önde gelen konularından biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, kağıtlar, soya proteini izolatı (SPI) baz olmakla birlikte soya mumu ve Carnauba mumu ile karıştırılarak hazırlanan iki farklı yeni dispersiyon bariyer kaplaması ile kaplanmıştır. Uygulanan kaplamaların, kağıtların optik, mekanik ve bariyer özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için farklı test yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. ASTM E-96 Desiccant yöntemi kullanılarak su buharı bariyeri özellikleri, FTA200 cihazı ile sarkıt damla yöntemi ve Young denklemi kullanılarak temas açısı ve yüzey enerjisi, “Instron” çekme mukavemeti test cihazı kullanılarak çekme mukavemeti (TS) ve uzama yüzdesi (% EB), X-rite eXact spektrofotometre cihazı kullanılarak kaplamalı, kaplamasız ve basılı numunelerin CIE L*a*b* değerleri, Technidyne PROFILE/Plus® kullanılarak kağıt ve baskı parlaklığı ölçümleri hazırlanan örnekler üzerinden yapılmıştır. Kaplamaların kâğıt CIE L*a*b* değerleri 5 değerinin altında kalarak uygun bir kaplama rengine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kaplamaların kâğıt yüzey ve baskı parlaklığı artmıştır. Bariyer özellikleri, yani su buharı geçirgenliği (WVP), yüzey ıslanabilirliği ve su direnci hem soya mumu hem de carnauba mumu eklendiğinde iyileştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• soya proteini izolatı
• soya mumu
• Carnauba mumu
• kâğıt
• WVP

Investigation of Water Barrier Properties of Biobased Paper Coatings Produced Using Carnauba and Soy Wax

Öz

The strong moisture resistance of paper and board packaging for food applications and the application of dispersion coatings have become one of the leading laws of the printing and packaging industry. In this study, papers were coated with two different new dispersion barrier coatings prepared by mixing soy protein isolate (SPI) base with soy wax and Carnauba wax. Different test methods were used to study the effects of applied coatings on the optical, mechanical and barrier properties of papers. Water vapor barrier properties were measured using the ASTM E-96 Desiccant method, contact angle and surface energy using the pendant drop method and Young's equation using the FTA200 device, tensile strength (TS) and elongation percentage (% EB) using the “Instron” tensile strength tester, CIE L*a*b* values of coated, uncoated and printed samples using the X-rite Exact spectrophotometer, and paper and print gloss measurements using Technidyne PROFILE/Plus® were performed on the prepared samples. The paper CIE L*a*b* values of the coatings remained below 5 and had a suitable coating color. The coatings also increased the paper surface and printing gloss. The barrier properties, i.e. water vapor permeability (WVP), surface wettability and water resistance, were improved when both soy wax and carnauba wax were added.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• soy protein isolate
• soy wax
• Carnauba wax
• paper
• WVP

Kaynakça

1. Al-Ajlouni, K, Fleming, P.D., Pekarovicova A. (2023). Crosslinking of glucomannan-based biofilms by tartaric acid: Rheology and barrier properties of the biofilms for food packaging. Internatio-nal Circular of Graphic Education and Research, 6(14), 26-36.
2. Alamri, M. S., Qasem, A. A., Mohamed, A. A., Hussain, S., Ibraheem, M. A., Shamlan, G., ... and Qasha, A. S. (2021).
3. Food packaging’s materials: A food safety perspective. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(8), 4490-4499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.047
4. Altay, B. N., Ma, R., Fleming, P. D., Joyce, M. J., Anand, A., Chen, T., ... and He, D. (2020). Surface free energy estimation: A new methodology for solid surfaces. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 7(6), 1901570. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901570
5. Altay, B. N., Fleming, P. D., Rahman, M. A., Pekarovicova, A., Myers, B., Aydemir, C., & Karademir, A. (2022).
6. Controlling unequal surface energy results caused by test liquids: the case of UV/O3 Treated PET. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6772. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10816-6
7. An, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S., and Tang, J. (2008). Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 1100-1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.019
8. Arman, Kandirmaz, E., and Ozcan, A. (2019). Antibacterial effect of Ag nanoparticles into the paper coatings. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 34(4), 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0034

9. Basak, S., Dangate, M. S., and Samy, S. (2024). Oil-and water-resistant paper coatings: A review. Prog-ress in Organic Coatings, 186, 107938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107938
10. Clemente, T. E., & Cahoon, E. B. (2009). Soybean oil: genetic approaches for modification of functi-onality and total content. Plant physiology, 151(3), 1030-1040. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.146282
11. de Freitas, C. A. S., de Sousa, P. H. M., Soares, D. J., da Silva, J. Y. G., Benjamin, S. R., & Guedes, M. I. F. (2019).
12. Carnauba wax uses in food–A review. Food chemistry, 291, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.133 de Campos, A., Claro, P. C., Luchesi, B. R., Miranda, M., Souza, F. V., Ferreira, M. D., & Marconcini, J. M. (2019).
13. Curaua cellulose sheets dip coated with micro and nano carnauba wax emulsions. Cellulose, 26(13), 7983-7993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02637-0
14. dos Santos, A. D. A., Matos, L. C., Mendonça, M. C., do Lago, R. C., dos Santos Muguet, M. C., Damásio, R. A. P., ... & Tonoli, G. H. D. (2023). Evaluation of paper coated with cationic starch and carnauba wax mixtures regarding barrier properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 203, 117177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117177
15. Geueke, B., Groh, K., and Muncke, J. (2018). Food packaging in the circular economy: Overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. Journal of cleaner production, 193, 491-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.005
16. Jung, J., Raghavendra, G. M., Kim, D., and Seo, J. (2018). One-step synthesis of starch-silver nano-particle solution and its application to antibacterial paper coating. International journal of biolo-gical macromolecules, 107, 2285-2290 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.108
17. Khwaldia, K., Arab‐Tehrany, E., & Desobry, S. (2010). Biopolymer coatings on paper packaging ma-terials. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 9(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00095.x
18. Marzbani, P., Azadfallah, M., Yousefzadeh, M., Najafi, F., Pourbabaee, A. A., Koivula, H., and Ritala, M. (2021). Effect of polyethylene wax/soy protein-based dispersion barrier coating on the phy-sical, mechanical, and barrier characteristics of paperboards. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 18, 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-020-00403-7
19. Mendonça, M. C., Durães, A. F. S., dos Santos, A. D. A., Matos, L. C., Mascarenhas, A. R. P., Scatoli-no, M. V., ... & Tonoli, G. H. D. (2024). Natural rubber, cellulose micro/nanofibrils and carna-uba wax: renewable and low-cost coatings improving the barrier properties in papers. Cellulose, 31(15), 9413-9433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06162-7
20. Rastogi, V. K., and Samyn, P. (2015). Bio-based coatings for paper applications. Coatings, 5(4), 887-930. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings5040887
21. Rhim, J.W., (2010). Effect of moisture content on tensile properties of paper-based food packaging materials. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 19, 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0034-x
22. Sena, B., Dhal, S., Sahu, D., Sarkar, P., Mohanty, B., Jarzębski, M., ... & Pal, K. (2022). Variations in microstructural and physicochemical properties of soy wax/soybean oil-derived oleogels using soy lecithin. Polymers, 14(19), 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193928
23. Shaharuddin, S. I. S., Mansor, M. A., Rashid, M. A., Shaffiar, N., & Ahmad, Z. (2023). The Effects of Beeswax Additions on the Structural, Thermal, Mechanical and Mass Loss Properties of Soy Wax Blends. Journal of Mechanical Engineering (1823-5514), 20(1). https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i1.21079
24. Shen, T., Fan, S., Li, Y., Xu, G., and Fan, W. (2020). Preparation of edible non-wettable coating with soybean wax for repelling liquid foods with little residue. Materials, 13(15), 3308. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153308
25. Tutak, D. (2025). Production of nano silver and nano silica coated paper to be used in active packa-ging. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 40(3),567-577 https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2024-0028
26. Tutak, D. (2017). Modified deinking of digitally printed paper with water based inkjet ink. Cellullose Chemistry and Technology, 51(5-6), 483-488.
27. Tutak, D., (2013) CMYK renk ayrım sistemine alternatif sistemin geliştirilmesi, Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, Sayfa 24-25
28. Wang, D., Huang, J., Guo, Z., and Liu, W. (2021). Durable mixed edible wax coating with stretching superhydrophobicity. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(3), 1495-1499. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10638K
29. Yadav, S., Khan, A., Hamdani, S. S., & Rabnawaz, M. (2024). Degradable polymeric waxes for paper coating applications. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 6(6), 3263-3272. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c03072
30. Zhang, N., Gao, C., Meng, L., & Tang, X. (2023). Preparation and characterization of carnauba wax-based particle with hierarchical structure and its use as hydrophobic coating for chitosan films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 319, 121224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121224