MAJOR MARINE WOOD-BORING ORGANISMS

Öz

Wood as a natural material has been used in the marine environment as construction material for many centuries. Wood material has many superior advantages compared to other materials. Some of them are renewable sources, its durabilty after treatment by wood preservatives, high resistance and elasticity properties. Although, microorganisms deteriorate the surface of wood material, main hazard is carried out by marine borers. Marine borers are classified by two main groups as molluscs and crustaceans. Major organisms of molluscs are teredinids and pholads, crustaceans are limnoria, sphaeroma and chelura. The main factors that effect the distribution of marine borers are sea water temperature and salinity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wood material,Marine borers,Molluscs,Crustaceans

ODUNU TAHRİP EDEN BAŞLICA DENİZ ZARARLILARI

Öz

Ağaç malzeme, kendine has özellikleri sayesinde yüzyıllardır deniz ortamında yapı ve araç malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diğer yapı materyalleriyle kıyaslandığında ahşap malzemeyi üstün kılan çok sayıda avantaj mevcuttur. Bunlardan en önemlileri; yenilenebilir bir kaynak olması, ahşap koruyucu maddelerle emprenye işleminden sonra gösterdiği dayanım, yüksek direnç ve elastiklik özelliğidir. Bununla birlikte, mikroorganizmalar deniz ortamında ağaç malzemenin yüzeyini çürütmelerine karşın esas tahribatı odun delici organizmalar yapmaktadır. Odun delici organizmalar yumuşakçalar ve kabuklular olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. Yumuşakçalar grubuna giren önemli odun zararlısı organizmalar Teredinid’ler ve Pholad’lardır. Odun delici kabukluların en önemli cinsleri ise Limnoria, Sphaeroma ve Chelura’dır. Odun delici organizmaların yayılışını etkileyen en önemli faktörler, deniz suyu sıcaklığı ve tuzluluk oranıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağaç malzeme,Denizel deliciler,Yumuşakçalar,Kabuklular

Kaynakça

1. Barnacle, J.E., Cookson, L.J., Mc Evoy, C.N. 1983 “Limnoria quadripunctata Holthuis-a threat to coppert-reated wood”. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Doc. No. IRG/WP/4100, IRG Secreteriat, Stockholm, pp.1-10.
2. Barnacle, J.E., Cookson, L.J., Mc Evoy, C.N. 1986 “An apprasial of the vertical distribution of attack of untreated and treated wood by warm water sphaeromatids at some tropical sites-a discussion paper”. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Doc.No. IRG/WP/4124, IRG Secreteriat, Stockholm, pp.1-24.
3. Becker, G. 1971. On the biology, and physiology of marine wood-boring crustaceans. In: E. B. G. Jones & S. K. Eltringham (eds), Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood. OECD, Paris.
4. Cookson, L.J. 1986 Marine Borers and Timber Piling Options. CSIRO, Division of Chemical and Wood Technology, Research Review, Australia.
5. Cookson, L.J. 1987 The Occurence of Limnoria indica Becker&Kampf (Isopoda) on the Eastern Coast of Australia. Crustaceana 52, pp.85-89.
6. Cragg, S.M., Levy, C.R. 1979 Attack by the crustacean sphaeroma on CCA-treated softwood in Papua New Guinean waters. International Journal of Wood Preservation 1, pp. 161-168.
7. Cragg, S.M., Thiel, M., Goldstien, S. 2000 “Evidence for feeding mechanisms in the wood boring isopod sphaeroma derived from microscopic examination of gut contents and faecal pellets from animals from the field and fed artificial diets”. IRG/WP00-pp.1-12, 31th Annual Meeting, Kona Surf, USA.
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10. Eaton, R. A., M. D. C. Hale. 1993. Wood decay, pests and protection. Chapman & Hall, London. pp 546.
11. Haderlie, E.C. 1983 Monitoring growth rates in wood and rock-boring marine bivalves using radiographic techniques. Biodeterioration 5, ed. Oxley, T.A. and Barry, S: 304-318.
12. Helsing, G.G. 1979 Controlling wood deterioration in waterfront structures. Sea Technology, June 1979:20- 21.
13. Ibrahim, J.V. 1981 Season of settlement of a number of shipworms (Mollusca : Bivalvia) in six Australian harbours. Australian Journal Marine Fresh w. Res. 32, pp. 591-604.
14. Kuhne, H. 1971. The Identification of wood-boring crustaceans (with reference to their morphology, systematics and distribution). In: E. B. G. Jones & S. K. Eltringham (eds), Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood. OECD, Paris.
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16. Rotramel, G. 1975 Filter-feeding by the marine boring isopod, Sphaeroma quoyanum H. Milne Edwards, 1840 (Isopoda, sphaeromatidae). Crustaceana 28, pp. 7-10.
17. Sipe, A.R., Wilbur, A.E., Cart, S.C. 2000 Bacterial symbiont transmission in the wood-boring shipworm Bankia setacea (Bivalvia:Teredinidae). Applied-and-Environmental-Microbiology. 2000, 66:4, 1685-1691.
18. SFPA 1997 Marine Construction Manual. Southern Forest Products Association, Kenner, LA., USA.
19. Turner, R.D., Johnson, A.C. 1971 Biology of Marine wood-boring molluscs. In: Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood (Ed.) E.B.G. Jones & S.K. Eltringham. Proc. OECD Workshop, Paris, pp. 259-301.
20. Turner, R.D. 1971a Identification of marine wood-boring molluscs. Proc. O.E.C.D. Workshop: Marine borers, fungi and fouling organisms of wood, ed. Jones, E.B.G. and Eltringham, S.K., 17-64.
21. Turner, R.D. 1971b Australian shipworms. Australian Natural History Sydney 17, pp. 139-145.
22. Waterbury, J.B., Calloway, C.B., Turner, R.D. 1983 A cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium cultured from the gland of deshayes in shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). Science 221, pp. 1401-1403.
23. Zachary, A., Parrish, K.K., Bultman, J.D. 1983 Possible role of marine bacteria in providing the creosoteo resistance of Limnoria tripunctata. Marine Biology,75, pp.1-8.