Peyzaj Parçalanmasının Siirt’in Endemik Bitki Türleri Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2000-2012 yılları arasında Siirt peyzajında meydana gelen parçalanmanın, endemik bitkiler üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Yöntemsel olarak, 2000-2012 yıllarına ait CORINE arazi örtüsü/arazi kullanımı verisi kullanılarak leke sınıfları üretilmiştir. Bu leke sınıfları için Patch Analyst programında yer alan ve FRAGSTATS arayüzüyle çalışan PatchGrid eklentisi kullanılarak peyzaj metrikleri hesaplanmıştır. Siirt peyzajında yer alan endemik bitkilere ait bilgiler derlenerek sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Ek olarak, Siirt peyzajında yer alan endemik bitki türlerinin IUCN kırmızı liste sınıfları da değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, belirtilen yıllar arasında Siirt peyzajındaki en parçalı leke sınıfları 2012 yılında kıyı peyzajı ve üzüm bağları olmuştur. Her iki leke sınıfı için MPS, NumP ve CA değerleri 100% düşüş göstermiştir. Diğer yandan aynı yıllar arasında meyve bahçeleri, seyrek bitki alanları, sulanmayan ekilebilir alan ve doğal çayırlıklar daha büyük lekelere dönüşmüştür. Endemik türler ile leke sınıfları arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında, türlerin bulunduğu leke sınıflarının 48%’i değişime uğramıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Peyzaj parçalanması
• endemik türler
• CORINE
• arazi kullanımı
• arazi örtüsü
• PatchGrid
• Siirt

Effects of Landscape Fragmentation on Endemic Plant Species of Siirt

Abstract

In this study we aim to investigate the effect of fragmentation on the endemic plant species in the Siirt landscape between 2000 and 2012. Patch classes were systematically generated using CORINE land cover/land use data from 2000 to 2012. Landscape metrics were calculated using the PatchGrid plug-in that is included in the Patch Analyst programme, which works on FRAGSTATS interface. Furthermore, IUCN red list classes of endemic plant species in this landscape were evaluated. Thus, the most fragmented patch classes were coastal landscape and vineyards in 2012. MPS, NumP, and CA values for both these patch classes showed a 100% decrease. On the other hand, fruit trees and berry plantations, sparsely vegetated areas, non-irrigated arable land and natural grasslands turned into larger patches during the same period. When the relationship between endemic species and patch classes was investigated, 48% of the patch classes in which these species were found changed.

Keywords

• Landscape fragmentation
• endemic species
• CORINE
• land use
• land cover
• PatchGrid
• Siirt

Kaynakça

1. Aksoy, N., & Uzun, O. (2011, April 18). Distribution and conservation significance of endemic plants in Duzce province. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(8), 2143-2151. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS
2. Alphan, H. (2003, September 2). Land‐use change and urbanization of Adana, Turkey. Land Degradation and Development, 14(6), 575-586. doi:10.1002/ldr.581
3. Antrop, M. (2005, January 15). Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landscape and Urban Planning, 70(1-2), 21-34. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002
4. Celep, F., Karabacak, O., Malekmohammadi, M., Fidan, M., & Doğan, M. (2016). First record of Psylliostachys spicata (Plumbaginaceae), confirmation of Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) from Turkey, and taxonomic status of Salvia ertekinii. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40(2), 226-230. doi:10.3906/bot-1503-48
5. Collins , C. D., Holt, R. D., & Foster, B. L. (2009, September). Patch size effects on plant species decline in an experimentally fragmented landscape. Ecology, 90(9), 2577-2588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1405.1
6. Çorbacı, Ö. L., & Dönmez, Y. (2019). Peyzaj yapısının (Peyzaj Karakter Tiplerinin) tanımlanması ve haritalanması: Bartın İli Amasra İlçesi Örneği [Determining and mapping of the landscape structure (Landscape Character Types): Case of Amasra district of Bartin province. In G. Akademi, & L. G. Kaya (Ed.), Mimarlık, Planlama ve Tasarım Alanında Yeni Ufuklar (pp. 329-366). Ankara: Gece Akademi.
7. Damschen, E. I., & Brudvig, L. A. (2012, April). Landscape connectivity strengthens local—regional richness relationships in successionalplant communities. Ecology, 93(4), 704-710. Retrieved 01 09, 2020, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23213718
8. Davis, P. H. (1965). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 1). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.

9. Davis, P. H. (1967). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 2). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
10. Davis, P. H. (1970). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 3). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
11. Davis, P. H. (1972). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 4). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
12. Davis, P. H. (1975). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 5). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
13. Davis, P. H. (1978). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 6). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
14. Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 7). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
15. Davis, P. H. (1984). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 8). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
16. Davis, P. H. (1985). Flora of Turkey (Vol. 9). Edinburg, Edinburg, Great Britain: Edinburg University Press.
17. Delin, A. E., & Andrén, H. (1999, February). Effects of habitat fragmentation on Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in a forest landscape. Landscape Ecology, 14(1), 67-72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100804000
18. Dewan, A. M., Yamaguchi, Y., & Rahman, M. Z. (2012, December 14). Dynamics of land use/cover changes and the analysis of landscape fragmentation in Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh. Geojournal, 77(3), 315-330. doi:10.1007/s 10708-010-9399-x
19. Dönmez, A. A. (2006, April 3). Teucrium chasmophyticum Rech. f. (Lamiaceae): A new record for the flora of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 30(4), 317-320. Retrieved from http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issue.htm?id=659
20. Dramstad, W. E., Fry, G., Fjellstad, W. J., Skar, B., Helliksen, W., Sollund, M. L., . . . Framstad, E. (2001, December). Integrating landscape-based values—Norwegian monitoring of agricultural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(3-4), 257-268. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00208-0
21. EEA. (2019, June 06). EEA Europa Data and Maps. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from CORINE land cover 2000-2012 seamless vector data: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps
22. Eroğlu, E., Kaya, S., Doğan, T. G., Meral, A., Demirci, S., Başaran, N., Çorbacı, Ö. L. 2018. Determination of the visual preferences of different habitat types. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27, 4889-4899.
23. Fahrig, L. (2003, November). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 487-515. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419
24. Forman, R. T. (1995). Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GBIF. (2019, October 2). Retrieved June 10, 2019, from Global Biodiversity Information Facility: https://www.gbif.org/
25. Green, D., & Baker, M. G. (2003, May 15). Urbanization impacts on habitat and bird communities in a sonoran desert ecosystem. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(4), 225-239. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00195-0
26. Grimm, N. B., Foster, D., Groffman, P., Grove, J. M., Hopkinson, C. S., Nadelhoffer, K. J., . . . Peters, D. P. (2008, June). The changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(5), 264-272. doi:10.1890/070147
27. Gustafson, E. J. (1998, March). Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art? Ecosystems, 1(2), 143-156. doi:10.1007/s100219900011
28. Gustafson, E. J., & Parker, G. R. (1992, June). Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern. Landscape Ecology, 7(2), 101-110. doi:10.1007/BF02418941
29. Hargis, C. D., Bissonette, J. A., & Turner, D. L. (1999, February). The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36(1), 157-172. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00377.x
30. Herold, M., Scepan, J., & Clarke, K. C. (2002, August). The Use of remote sensing and landscape metrics to describe structures and changes in urban land uses. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 34(8), 1443-1458. doi:10.1068/a3496
31. Ibáñez, I., Katz, D. S., Wolf, S. M., & Barrie, B. T. (2014, July 23). Assessing the integrated effects of landscape fragmentation on plants and plant communities: the challenge of multiprocess-multiresponse dynamics. Journal of Ecology, 102(4), 882-895. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12223
32. Irl, S. D., Harter, D. E., Steinbauer, M. J., Puyol, D. G., Fernández‐Palacios, J. M., Jentsch, A., & Beierkuhnlein, C. (2015, November). Climate vs. topography – spatial patterns of plant species diversity and endemism on a high‐elevation island. Journal of Ecology, 103(6), 1621-1633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12463 IUCN Red List. (2019, March 1). Retrieved July 1, 2019, from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: https://www.iucnredlist.org/
33. Kamusoko, C., & Aniya, M. (2006, August 8). Land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation analysis in the Bindura District, Zimbabwe. Land Degradation and Development, 18(2), 221-233. doi:10.1002/ldr.761
34. Karabacak , O., Yıldırım, H., & Martin, E. (2014). Bellevalia pseudolongipides sp. nova (Asparagaceae): New species from South Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa, 188(4), 209-217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.188.4.3
35. Kılınç, N. (2019, January 21). Siirt ve çevresinin turizm coğrafyası [Tourism geography of Siirt and its environs]. Doctoral dissertation. Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey: Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
36. Kiviniemi, K. (2008, January-February). Effects of fragment size and isolation on the occurrence of four short-lived plants in semi-natural grasslands. Acta Oecologica, 33(1), 56-65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2007.09.005
37. Leitão, A. B., & Ahern, J. (2002, April 15). Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59(2), 65-93. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00005-1
38. Li, H., & Reynolds, J. F. (1995, June). On definition and quantification of heterogeneity. Oikos, 73(2), 280-284. doi:10.2307/3545921
39. Luck, M., & Wu, J. (2002, December). A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology, 17(4), 327-339. doi:10.1023/A:1020512723753
40. McGarigal, K., & Cushman, S. A. (2003). The gradient concept of landscape structure: Or, why are there so many patches? (pp. 1-44). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved from http://www.umass.edu/landeco/pubs/Gradients_short.pdf
41. McGarigal, K., & Marks, B. J. (1995). Fragstats: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. United States: U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Northwest Research Station.
42. McKinney, M. L. (2006, January). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 247-260. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
43. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, R. o. (2019, June 19). Ulusal Arazi Örtüsü CORINE 2000-2012. Retrieved January 05, 2019, from Tarım Orman Açık Veri Portalı: http://veri.tarimorman.gov.tr/
44. Nagendra, H., Munroe, D. K., & Southworth, J. (2004, February). From pattern to process: landscape fragmentation and the analysis of land use/land cover change. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 101(2-3), 111-115. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.003
45. O'Neill, R. V., Riitters, K. H., Wickham, J. D., & Jones, K. B. (1999, December 24). Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment. Ecosystem Health, 5(4), 225-233. doi:10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09942.x
46. Özgökçe, F., & Ünal, M. (2007, May 5). A new record for Turkey: Malcolmia exacoides (DC.) Spreng. (Brassicaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 31(4), 345-347. Retrieved from http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issue.htm?id=721
47. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş., & Aslan, S. (2009, April 29). Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey IV. Turkish Journal of Botany, 33(3), 191-226. doi:10.3906/bot-0805-12 Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş., & Gürdal , B. (2015). Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey VII. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 45(1), 61-86. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iujfp/issue/25584
48. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş., & Gürdal, B. (2017). Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey VIII. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 47(1), 31-46. doi:10.5152/IstanbulJPharm.2017.006
49. Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş., & Gürdal, M. B. (2011, May 8). Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey V. Turkish Journal of Botany, 35(5), 589-624. doi:10.3906/bot-1101-20
50. Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Gücel, S., & Altundağ, E. (2017). Plant diversity of the drylands in Southeastern Anatolia-Turkey: Role in human health and food security. In A. A. Ansari, S. S. Gill, Z. K. Abbas, & M. Naeem (Eds.), Plant biodiversity-Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation (pp. 83-124). Boston, United States of America: CABI.
51. Paudel, S., & Yuan, F. (2012, January 4). Assessing landscape changes and dynamics using patch analysis and GIS modelling. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 16, 66-76. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2011.12.003
52. Rempel, R. (2015, December 10). Spatial Ecology Program-Analysis Tools/Patch Analyst. Ontario, Ontario, United States of America: Queens Press, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Retrieved from http://www.cnfer.on.ca/SEP/
53. Ricketts, T. H. (2001, July). The Matrix Matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes. The American Naturalist, 158(1), 87-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/320863
54. Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991, March). Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18-32. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2386335
55. Şenkul, Ç., & Kaya, S. (2017, December 6). Türkiye endemik bitkilerinin coğrafi dağılışı [Geographical distribution of endemic species of Turkey]. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 69, 109-120. doi:10.17211/tcd.322515
56. Tomimatsu, H., & Ohara, M. (2010, April). Demographic response of plant populations to habitat fragmentation and temporal environmental variability. Oecologia, 162(4), 903-911. doi:10.1007/S00442-009- 1505-8
57. TUBIVES. (2004). Retrieved March 3, 2019, from Turkish Plants Data Service : http://tubives.com/
58. Uzun, O. (2003, December). Düzce Asarsuyu Havzası peyzaj değerlendirmesi ve yönetim modelinin geliştirilmesi [Landscape assessment and development of management model for Duzce, Asarsuyu Watershed]. Doctoral dissertation. Ankara, Ankara, Turkey: Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
59. Van Herbarium. (2019, February 1). Retrieved July 5, 2019, from The Virtual Herbarium of Lake Van Basin: http://vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/ingindex.htm
60. Vié, J. C., Hilton-Taylor, C., Pollock, C., Ragle, J., Smart, J., Stuart, S. N., & Tong, R. (2008). The IUCN Red list: a key conservation tool. (J. C. Vié, C. Hilton-Taylor, & S. N. Stuart, Eds.) Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Retrieved from https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/the_iucn_red_list_a_key_conservation_tool_1.pdf
61. Xian, G., Crane, M., & Su, J. (2007, December). An analysis of urban development and its environmental impact on the Tampa Bay watershed. Journal of Environmental Management, 85(4), 965-976. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.012.