Investigation of the Effects of Wildfire on Some Macro and Micro Nutritional Elements of Soil

Öz

Macro and micro plant nutrients are very important chemical soil characteristics for the growth and development of plants. Some of the plant nutrients are vital for plants, while others help plants to develop better. This study was carried out Arıt Town, Darıören locality in Bartın Province, the fire occurred in the secondary pasture area on 29 August 2020. It is known that fire has effects on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. The aim of this research is to investigate the changes that occur on some macro and micro nutrients of soils shortly after the fire. For this purpose, the field work was carried out exactly one month after the fire. In order to make a comparison in the field, three types of work areas have been determined: burnt secondary pasture area, unburned secondary pasture area and unburned agricultural area. 10 soil samples were taken from each study area. Calcium and magnesium from macro nutrients; sodium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese from micro nutrients were analyzed. According to the results of the study; the nutrients were statistically significant depending on the wildfire. It was determined that the contents of calcium, iron, copper and manganese in the wildfire area increased compared to the unburned area. It was found that the wildfire decreased the magnesium and sodium contents statistically. However, the zinc content of the soils was non-significant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Secondary pasture
• wildfire
• macro nutrients
• micro nutrients

Yangının Toprakların Bazı Makro ve Mikro Besin Elementleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Öz

Makro ve mikro bitki besin elementleri bitkilerin büyümesi ve gelişmesi için oldukça önemli olan kimyasal toprak karakteristiklerindendir. Bitki besin elementlerinin bir kısmı bitkiler için hayati önem taşırken bazıları ise bitkilerin daha iyi gelişmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu çalışma Bartın İli, Arıt Beldesi, Darıören mevkiinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma alanında bulunan bir sekonder mera alanında 29 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde yangın meydana gelmiştir. Yangının toprakların fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri üzerinde etkilerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı yangından kısa süre sonra toprakların bazı makro ve mikro besin elementleri üzerinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla belirtilen yangın tarihinden tam bir ay sonra araziye çıkılmıştır. Arazide karşılaştırma yapabilmek amacıyla yanmış sekonder mera alanı, yanmamış sekonder mera alanı ve yanmamış tarım alanı olmak üzere üç tip çalışma alanı belirlenmiştir. Her çalışma alanından 10’ar tane toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinde makro besin elementlerinden kalsiyum ve magnezyum; mikro besin elementlerinden sodyum, demir, bakır, çinko ve mangan analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre; yangının bazı besin elementleri üzerinde istatistiki anlamda farklılıklar oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Yangın sahasında, kalsiyum, demir, bakır ve mangan içeriklerinin yanmamış alana kıyasla artmış olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yangının magnezyum ve sodyum içeriklerini istatistiki anlamda düşürdüğü bulunmuştur. Ancak, toprakların çinko içeriklerinde istatistiki anlamda bir fark bulunamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sekonder mera
• yangın
• makro besin elementleri
• mikro besin elementleri

Kaynakça

1. Badía, D., Martí, C. (2003). Plant ash and heat intensity effects on chemical and physical properties of two contrasting soils. Arid Land Res. Manag. 17(1), 23–41.
2. Badia, D., Marti, C., Aguirre, A.J., Aznar, J.M., Gonzalez-Perez, J.A., Rosa, J.M.D.L., Leon, J., Ibarra, P., Echeverria, T. (2014). Wildfire effects on nutrients and organic carbon of a Rendzic Phaeozem in NE Spain: Changes at cm-scale topsoil. Catena. 113, 267–275.
3. Bolat, İ., Kara, Ö., Tunay, M. (2020). Göknar-Kayın Karışık Meşceresi Altındaki Ölü Örtü Örneklerinde Mikrobiyal Biyokütle C (Cmic), N (Nmic) ve P (Pmic)'un Mevsimsel Değişimi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(3), 1-1.
4. Brais, S., David, P., Ouimet, R. (2000). Impact of wildfire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 137(1-3), 231–243.
5. Brockway, D.G., Gatewood, R.G., Paris, R.B. (2002). Restoring fire as an ecological process in shortgrass prairie ecosystems: initial effects of prescribed burning during the dormant and growing seasons. J. Environ. Manag. 65(2), 135–152.
6. Brye, K.R., Norman, J.M., Gower, S.T. (2002). The fate of nutrients following three- and six-year burn intervals in a tallgrass prairie restoration in Wisconsin. The American Midland Naturalist. 148(1), 28–42.
7. Caldwell, T.G., Johnson, D.W., Miller, W.W., Qualls, R.G. (2002). Forest floor carbon and nitrogen losses due to prescription fire. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66(1), 262–267.
8. Campos, I., Abrantes, N., Keizer, J.J., Val, C., Pereira, P. (2016). Major and trace elements in soils and ashes of eucalypt and pine forest plantations in Portugal following a wildfire. Sci. Total Environ. 572, 1363–1376.

9. Caon, L., Vallejo, V.R., Ritsema, C.J., Geissen, V. (2014). Effects of wildfire on soil nutrients in Mediterranean ecosytems. EarthScience Reviews 139, 47-58.
10. Carballas, M., Acea, M.J., Cabaneiro, C., Trasar, C., Villar, M.C., Diaz-Ravina, M., Fernandez, I., Prieto, A., Saa, A., Vazquez, F.J., Zehner, R., Carballas, T. (1993). Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and microbial population evolution in forest humiferous acid soils after wildfires. In: Trabaud, L., Prodon, R. (Eds.), Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Ecosystems Research Report 5. Commission of the European Communities, pp. 379-385.
11. Cerdà, A. (1998). Postfire dynamics of erosional processes under mediterranean climatic conditions. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 42(3), 373–398.
12. Cerdà, A., Doerr, S.H. (2008). The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. Catena. 74(3), 256–263.
13. Cerdà, A., Lasanta, T. (2005). Long-term erosional responses after fire in the Central Spanish Pyrenees — 1. Water and sediment yield. Catena. 60(1), 59–80.
14. Certini, G. (2005). Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143(1), 1–10.
15. Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P., Trabaud, L., Williams, D. (Eds.) (1983). Fire in forestry. In: Forest Fire Behaviour and Effects, vol. I. Wiley, New York, pp. 171-202.
16. Close, D., Davidson, N., Swanborough, P., Corkrey, R. (2011). Does low-intensity surface fire increase water- and nutrient-availability to overstorey Eucalyptus gomphocephala? Plant and Soil 349(1), 203–214.
17. Diaz-Fierros, F., Benito Rueda, E., Perez Moreira, R. (1987). Evaluation of the U.S.L.E. for the prediction of erosion in burnt forest areas in Galici (NW Spain). Catena 14(1-3), 189–199.
18. Diaz-Fierros, F., Benito, E., Vega, J.A., Castelao, A., Soto, B., Perez, R., Taboada, T. (1989). Solute loss and soil erosion in burnt soil from Galicia, N.W. Spain. In: Goldammer, J.G., Jenkins, M.J. (Eds.), Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics: Mediterranean and Northern Perspectives. S.P.B. Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp. 103-116.
19. Fang, L., Yang, J., Zu, J., Li, G., Zhang, J. (2015). Quantifying influences and relative importance of fire weather, topography, and vegetation on fire size and fire severity in a Chinese boreal forest landscape. For. Ecol. Manag. 356, 2–12.
20. Fernandez, C., Vega, J.A., Fonturbel, T., Pe´rez, P.G., Jime´nez, E., Madrigal, J. (2007). Effects of wildfire, salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation. Land Degrad. Dev. 18(6), 591–607.
21. Fernández-Fernández, M., Gómez-Rey, M.X., González-Prieto, S.J. (2015). Effects of fire and three fire-fighting chemicals on main soil properties, plant nutrient content and vegetation growth and cover after 10 years. Science of the Total Environment, 515-516, 92-100.
22. García-Marco, S., González-Prieto, S. (2008). Short- and medium-term effects of fire and fire-fighting chemicals on soil micronutrient availability. The Science of the Total Environment 407(1), 297–303.
23. Griffiths, R.P., Madritch, M.D., Swanson, A.K. (2009). The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (USA): implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties. For. Ecol. Manag. 257(1), 1–7.
24. Gómez-Rey, M.X., Couto-Vázquez, A., García-Marco, S., González-Prieto, S.J. (2013). Impact of fire and post-fire management techniques on soil chemical properties. Geoderma, 195-196: 155-164.
25. Guerrero, C., Gómez, I., Moral, R., Mataix-Solera, J., Mataix-Beneyto, J., Hernández, T. (2001). Reclamation of a burned forest soil with municipal waste compost: macronutrient dynamic and improved vegetation cover recovery. Bioresource Technology, 76(3), 221-227.
26. Hernández, T., Garcia, C., Reinhardt, I. (1997). Short-term effect of wildfire on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of Mediterranean pine forest soils. Biology and fertility of soils, 25(2), 109-116.
27. Jovanovic, V.S., Ilic, M.D., Markovic, M.S., Mitic, V.D., Mandic, S.N., Stojanovic, G.S. (2011). Wild fire impact on copper, zinc, lead and cadmium distribution in soil and relation with abundance in selected plants of Lamiaceae family from Vidlic Mountain (Serbia). Chemosphere, 84(11): 1584-1591.
28. Johnson, D., Murphy, J.D., Walker, R.F., Glass, D.W., Miller, W.W. (2007). Wildfire effects onforest carbon and nutrient budgets. Ecol. Eng. 31(3), 183–192.
29. Kara, O., Bolat, I. (2009). Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 9(6), 1151-1155.
30. Kennard, D.K., Gholz, H.L. (2001). Effects of high- and low-intensity fires on soil properties and plant growth in a Bolivian dry forest. Plant and Soil. 234(1), 119–129.
31. Kong, J.J., Yang, J., Bai, E. (2018). Long-term effects of wildfire on available soil nutrient composition and stoichiometry in a Chinese boreal forest. Science of the total environment, 642, 1353-1361.
32. Kutiel, P., Shaviv, A. (1989). Changes of soil N-P status in laboratory simulated forest fire. Plant and Soil 120, 57-63.
33. Kutiel, P., Shaviv, A. (1992). Effects of soil type. Plant composition and leaching on soil nutrients following a simulated forest-fire. For. Ecol. Manag. 53(1-4), 329–343.
34. Parlak, M. (2018). Çanakkale (Eceabat, Akbaş Şehitliği) orman yangınıyla bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerinin zamansal değişiminin belirlenmesi. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 6(1), 29-38.
35. Pivello, V.R., Oliveras, I., Miranda, H.S., Haridasan, M., Sato, M.N., Meirelles, S.T. (2010). Effect of fires on soil nutrient availability in an open savanna in Central Brazil. Plant and Soil. 337(1), 111–123.
36. Murphy, J.D., Johnson, D.W., Miller, W.W., Walker, R.F., Carroll, E.F., Blank, R.R. (2006a). Wildfire effects on soil nutrients and leaching in a tahoe basin watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 35(2), 479–489.
37. Murphy, J.D., Johnson, D.W., Miller, W.W., Walker, R.F., Blank, R.R. (2006b). Prescribed fire effects on forest floor and soil nutrients in a Sierra Nevada forest. Soil Sci. 171(3), 181–199.
38. Neary, D.G., Ryan, K.C., DeBano, L.F. (2005). Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Soil and Water. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol.4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, 250 p.
39. Norouzi, M., Ramezanpour, H. (2013). Effect of fire on soil nutrient availability in forestes of Gulian, North of Iran. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 8(1): 157-170.
40. Pardini, G., Gispert, M., Dunj, G. (2004). Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 328(1-3), 237–246.
41. Ponder, F., Tadros, M., Loewenstein, E.F. (2009). Microbial properties and litter and soil nutrients after two prescribed fires in developing savannas in an upland Missouri Ozark Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 257(2), 755–763.
42. Richards, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (Vol. 78, No. 2, p. 154). LWW.
43. SPSS (2007). SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
44. St Jhon, T.V., Rundel, P.W. (1976). The role of fire as a mineralizing agent in a Sierran Coniferous Forest. Oecologia 25(1), 35-45.
45. Turner, M.G., Romme, W.H., Smithwick, E.A.H., Tinker, D.B., Zhu, J. (2011). Variation in aboveground cover influences soil nitrogen availability at fine spatial scales following severe fire in subalpine conifer forests. Ecosystems. 14(7), 1081–1095.
46. White, E.M., Thompson, W.W., Gartner, F.R. (1973). Heat effects on nutrient release from soils under Ponderosa Pine. J. Range Manag. 26(1), 22-24.
47. Vazquez, F.J., Acea, M.J., Carballas, T. (1993). Soil microbial populations after wildfire. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 13, 93-104.
48. Vazquez, F.J., Petrikova, V., Villar, M.C., Carballas, T. (1996). Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 22 (3): 265-271.
49. Vega, J.A., Fernandez, C., Fonturbel, T. (2005). Throughfall, runoff and soil erosion after prescribed burning in gorse shrubland in Galicia (NW Spain). Land Degradation and Development. 16(1), 37–51.