EFFECT OF ALDER ON NITROGEN TRANSPORT TO SURFACE WATERS AND CATION LOSSES IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS IN ŞiMŞiRLi WATERSHED

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 13 - 22, 20.04.2016

Ayhan Usta Murat Yılmaz , Lokman Altun

Öz

Plant species compositions in the ecosystem and
soils developed under these species compositions cause nutrients to be fixed or
transport away from the site. The change of plant species compositions of
forest ecosystems in precipitation watersheds changes the quality of water
produced from these watershed. Especially, the fact that species such as Alder
with nitrogen fixation ability enter into plant species composition will be
effective on nutrient cycling. In this study, the effect of Alder on nitrogen transport
to surface waters and therefore the cation losses in the ecosystem in stands
where it is dominant was investigated. For this purpose, 36 surface water
samples from 3 sub-watersheds selected in Şimşirli stream watershed throughout
1 water year and 39 soil samples from 15 soil profiles opened in forest areas
were taken. While water quality
parameters such as pH, EC, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO₃-N),
ammonium (NH₄-N), Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, K⁺
and Na⁺ were determined in surface waters, sand, silt, clay, pH, EC,
soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable cations (Ca⁺⁺,
Mg⁺⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺) were determined in soil
samples. TN and NO₃^-N
concentrations in surface waters have increased along with the increase in the
rate of forest area in the lower watersheds. Increase of NO₃^-N
concentration in surface waters increased the basic cation (Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺
and K⁺) concentrations. This situation shows that leaching of
nitrate in the sub-watersheds increases the cation losses. Annual TN transport
in the sub-watersheds varied between 6.17 - 95.09 kg N Ha^-1 and was
44.93 kg N Ha^-1Year^-1 on the average. Findings obtained
as a result of the study suggest that Alder might be an important species under
the control of the ecosystem and provide valuable information about the possible
eutrophication of Galyan-Atasu dam reservoir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alder, TN and NO3- export, cation losses, eutrophication

ŞİMŞİRLİ HAVZASINDAKİ DOĞAL EKOSİSTEMLERDE KIZILAĞACIN YÜZEY SULARINA AZOT TAŞINIMI VE KATYON KAYIPLARINA ETKİSİ

Öz

Ekosistemdeki bitki tür bileşimleri ve bu tür bileşimleri altında gelişen topraklar, besinlerin tutulmasına veya
ortamdan uzaklaşmasına sebep olurlar. Yağış havzalarındaki orman ekosistemlerinin bitki tür bileşimlerinin değişimi
bu havzalardan üretilen suyun kalitesini değiştirir. Özellikle azot bağlama yeteneğine sahip Kızılağaç gibi türlerin
bitki tür bileşimine girmesi besin döngüsü üzerinde etkili olacaktır. Bu çalışmada, hakim olduğu meşcerelerde Kızılağacın yüzey sularına azot taşınımı ve dolayısıyla ekosistemdeki katyon kayıplarına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu
amaçla, Şimşirli dere havzasında seçilen 3 alt havzadan 1 su yılı boyunca 36 adet yüzey suyu örneği ile orman
alanlarında açılan 15 toprak profilinden 39 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Yüzey sularında pH, EC, toplam azot (TN),
nitrat (NO3-N), amonyum (NH4N), Ca++, Mg++, K+ve Na+ gibi su kalite parametreleri, toprak örneklerinde kum, toz,
kil, pH, EC, organik madde, toplam azot ve değişebilir katyonlar (Ca++, Mg++, K+ ve Na+) belirlenmiştir. Alt
havzalardaki orman alanı oranının artmasıyla birlikte yüzey sularındaki TN ve NO3-N konsantrasyonları artmıştır.
Yüzey sularındaki NO3-N konsantrasyonunun artması bazik katyon (Ca++, Mg++ ve K+) konsantrasyonlarını
artırmıştır. Bu durum alt havzalardaki nitrat yıkanmasının katyon kayıplarını arttırdığını göstermektedir. Alt
havzalardaki yıllık TN taşınımı 6.17 - 95.09 kg N Ha-1 arasında değişmekte ve ortalama 44.93 kg N Ha-1Yıl-1'dır.
Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, ekosistem kontrolünde Kızılağacın önemli bir tür olabileceği ve GalyanAtasu
barajı göletinin muhtemel ötrofikasyonu hakkında değerli bilgiler verebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kızılağaç, TN ve NO3 - taşınımı, katyon kayıpları, ötrofikasyon

Kaynakça

• o APHA, 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, (17th ed.) American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC.
• o Arp, PA, 1999. Soils for Plant Growth, Field and Laboratory Manual. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
• o Binkley, D., Cromack, D.Jr., Baker, D. 1994. Nitrogen fixation by red alder: biology, rates, and controls. In: Hibbs D, editor. The biology and management of red alder. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University. p 55- 72.
• o Binkley, D., Kimmins, J.P., Feller, M.C. 1982. Water chemistry profiles in an early successional and a mid- successional forest in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Can J For Res 12:240–8.
• o Binkley, D., Sollins, P., Bell, R., Sachs, D., Myrold, D. 1992. Biogeochemistry of adjacent conifer and alder–conifer stands. Ecology 73:2022–33.
• o Boring, L.R., Swank, W.T., Waide, J.B., Henderson, G.S. 1988. Sources, fates and impacts of nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems: review and synthesis. Biogeochemistry 6:119–59.
• o Bormann, B.T., Cromack, K.Jr., Russell, W.O. 1994. The influences of red alder on soils and long-term ecosystem productivity. In: Hibbs DE, DeBell DS, Tarrant RF, Eds. The biology and management of red alder. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Press. p 47–56.
• o Brozek, S. 1990. Effect of soil changes caused by red alder (Alnus rubra) on biomass and nutrient status of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Can J For Res 20:1320–5.
• o Camargo JA, Alonso A (2006). Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. Environ. Int. 32, 831–849
• o Compton, J.E., Homann, P.S., Cole, D.W. 1997. Leaf element concentrations and soil properties in successive rotations of red alder (Alnus rubra). Can J For Res 27:662–6.
• o Compton, J.E., Church, M.R., Larned, S.T., Hogsett, W.E. 2003. Nitrogen export from forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range: the role of N2-fixing red alder. Ecosystems, 6(8), 773-785.
• o Conley, D.J. 1999. Biogeochemical nutrient cycles and nutrient management strategies. Hydrobiologia 410: 87–96.
• o De Wit, M.J.M. 2001. Nutrient fluxes at the river basin scale. I: the PolFlow model. Hydrological Processes 15(5):743-759
• o Downing, J.A., McCauley, E. 1992. The nitrogen: phosphorus relationship in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 37(5), 936-945.
• o EPA, 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460.
• o GDF, 2011. Maçka-Şahinkaya Forest Nursery Directorate Forest Management Plan (2002-2011), General Directorate of Forestry (GDF). Trabzon Forest Regional Directorate, Trabzon.
• o Goldman, C.R. 1961. The contribution of alder trees (Alnus tenuifolia) to the primary production of Castle Lake, California. Ecology, 42, 282–288. Gülçur, F. 1974. Physical and chemical soil analysis methods. Istanbul University Faculty of Forestry Publications, no: 201, Istanbul, Turkey. Güven, İ.H. 1993. Geology of the eastern pontides and 1/250.000 scale compilation, MTS, Ankara. o
• W.H., Tilman, D.G. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol Appl 7:737–50.