Coğrafi İşaretli Ürünlerin Uluslararası, İki Taraflı ve Bölgesel Anlaşmalar Açısından İncelenmesi

Öz

Öz Coğrafi işaret, tüketiciler için ürünün kaynağını, karakteristik özelliklerini ve ürünün söz konusu karakteristik özellikleri ile coğrafi alan arasındaki bağlantıyı gösteren ve garanti eden kalite işaretidir. Coğrafi işaret tescilinin alınması, kalitesi, gelenekselliği, yöreden elde edilen hammaddesi ile yerel niteliklere bağlı olarak belli bir üne kavuşmuş ürünlerin korunmasını sağlamaktadır. Coğrafi işaretler, sadece ülke içinde yerel kültürü gelecek nesillere aktarma ve ekonomik kalkınma aracı değil aynı zamanda uluslararası ticarete de konu olabilen ve önemli bir kazanç sağlama imkânı sağlayan ürünlerden de oluşabilir. Özellikle peynir türleri, işlenmiş hayvansal ürünler, doğal yetişen ürünler (fındık, üzüm, incir vb. gibi) uluslararası ticarete konu olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı uluslararası, iki taraflı ve bölgesel anlaşmaların menşe adı ve mahreç işaretli ürünleri kapsayan coğrafi işaretler açısından incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda 1883 Paris Sözleşmesi, 1891 Madrid Sözleşmesi, 1958 Lizbon Anlaşması ve nihai olarak en güncel anlaşma olan WTO’nun ticaretle bağlantılı fikrî mülkiyet haklarını konu alan anlaşmalar ve ülkeler arasında coğrafi işareti de konu alan ikili ve bölgesel anlaşmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu anlaşmalar coğrafi işaretli ürünlerle ilgili uluslararası uyuşmazlıklar ve ticaret sorunlarına çözüm sunsa da, ülkeler arasında bu ürünlerle ilgili çeşitli sorunlara yol açabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarımsal Ticaret, Coğrafi işaret, TRIPS, Uluslararası Ticari Anlaşmalar, DTÖ, Fikri Mülkiyet JEL Sınıflandırması: F13, F15, O34, Q17

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarımsal Ticaret
• Coğrafi işaret
• TRIPS
• Uluslararası Ticari Anlaşmalar
• DTÖ
• Fikri Mülkiyet

An Analysis of Geographical Indications in Terms of International, Bilateral and Regional Agreements

Öz

Abstract A geographical indication (GI) serves as a quality label that identifies and assures a product’s origin for consumers, highlighting its unique features and the link between these characteristics and its geographical source. Registering a GI provides protection for products that have earned a reputation based on their quality, tradition, regionally sourced raw materials, and local attributes. GIs play a dual role: they not only help transmit local culture to future generations and promote economic development within a country, but they also encompass products with substantial profit potential in international trade. Items such as cheeses, processed animal products, and naturally grown goods (e.g., hazelnuts, grapes, figs) are commonly traded internationally under GI protections. This study aims to analyze international, bilateral, and regional agreements related to GIs, specifically those covering appellations of origin. The analysis includes the 1883 Paris Convention, the 1891 Madrid Convention, the 1958 Lisbon Agreement, and more recent agreements on trade-related intellectual property rights under the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as bilateral and regional agreements on GIs among countries. Although these agreements address international disputes and trade matters concerning GI products, findings indicate that they can also lead to various challenges between countries regarding the protection and trade of these products. Keywords: Agricultural Trade, Geographical Indication, TRIPS, International Trade Agreements, WTO, Intellectual Property JEL Classification: F13, F15, O34, Q17

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agricultural Trade
• Geographical Indication
• TRIPS
• International Trade Agreements
• WTO
• Intellectual Property

Kaynakça

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