Araştırma Makalesi
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Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Bağlamında Devletlerin Yükümlülükleri: Zorluklar ve Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 821 - 841, 02.10.2025

Öz

Kültürel mirasın korunması çeşitli zorlukları ele almayı gerektirmektedir. Bu çaba doğrultusunda bugün için en geçerli yöntem, insan hakları temelli yaklaşımlardır. Laurajane Smith’in geliştirdiği yerel mülkiyet odaklı yaklaşım, kültürel mirasın korunması süreçlerinde yerel halkların rolünü öne çıkarmayı amaçlar. Bu yaklaşıma eleştiri niteliğindeki Ian Hodder’in geliştirdiği katılım odaklı yaklaşım ise kültürel mirasa dair hakların mülkiyet üzerinden temellendirilmesinin dışlayıcı olduğunu belirtir ve daha kapsayıcı bir çözüm sunduğunu iddia eder. Çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak kültürel miras kavramına dair tartışmalara yer verilecek, ardından kültürel mirasın korunması ile insan hakları arasındaki ilişki incelenecektir. Bu sırada kültürel mirasa dair hakların bir insan hakkı olarak kabul edilmesi süreci, ilgili hukuki metinler ışığında ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra kültürel mirasa dair hakları da içeren kültürel yaşama katılma hakkı ve bu hak bağlamında devletlerin yükümlülükleri değerlendirme konusu yapılacaktır. Ardından bu yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmesine ilişkin başlıca zorluklar ile özellikle etnik temizlik kavramı incelenecektir. Son olarak bu zorluklar karşısında Laurajane Smith ile Ian Hodder tarafından geliştirilen insan hakları temelli yaklaşımlar ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Algan, Dr. Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. 1. B., Ankara, 2007.
  • A.M.B. v. Ecuador, No. 003/2014 (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 20 Haziran 2016).
  • Anico, Marta/Peralta, Elsa, (Ed.), Heritage and Identity: Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World, London 2008.
  • Aykan Bentahar, Bahar, “Kültürel Miras Hakkı: Kültürel Mirasa İnsan Hakları Temelli Güncel Yaklaşımlar”, Alternatif Politika Y. 2018, C. 10, S. 2, s. 231-252.
  • Blake, Janet, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly Y. 2000, C. 49, S. 1, s. 61-85. (“On Defining the Cultural Heritage”)
  • Blake, Janet, “Taking a Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection”, Heritage & Society Y. 2011, C. 4, S. 2, s. 199-238. (“Taking a Human Rights Approach”)
  • Byrne, Denis, “A Critique of Unfeeling Heritage”, Intangible Heritage, Ed.: Laurajane Smith, Natsuko Akagawa, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Çeli̇ktaş Türkbay, Özge, “Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasının İnsan Hakları Hukuku ile İlişkisi ve Kültürel Miras Hakkı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Y. 2021, C. 23, S. 2, s. 1443-1481.
  • Francioni, Francesco, “Natural Resources and Human Rights”, Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources, Ed.: Elisa Morgera, Kati Kulovesi, Cheltenham UK 2016.
  • General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, Par. 1), Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1990.
  • General Comment No. 21 Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15, Para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2009.
  • Ian Hodder, “Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-Being”, Anthropological Quarterly Y. 2010, C. 83, S. 4, s. 861-882.
  • Jokilehto, Jukka, “Human Rights and Cultural Heritage. Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 226-230.
  • Kiper, H. Perihan, Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel-Kültürel Değerlerinin Korunması -Türkiye-Bodrum Örneği-, Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2004.
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Race and History. Paris 1952.
  • Logan, William, “Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection”, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles.
  • Logan, William, “Cultural Diversity, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Towards Heritage Management as Human Rights-Based Cultural Practice”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 231-244. (“Cultural Diversity”)
  • Lowenthal, David, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge 1998.
  • Philp, Janette, “The Political Appropriation of Burma’s Cultural Heritage and Its Implications for Human Rights”, Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice, Ed.: Michele Langfield, William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Prott, Lyndel V. “International Standards for Cultural Heritage”, World Culture Report, 1998: Culture, Creativity and Markets, Paris 1998.
  • Silverman, Helaine/Ruggles, D. Fairchild, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles, New York 2007.
  • Smith, Laurajane, Uses of Heritage. London 2006.
  • https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
  • https://www.refworld.org/

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 821 - 841, 02.10.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Algan, Dr. Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. 1. B., Ankara, 2007.
  • A.M.B. v. Ecuador, No. 003/2014 (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 20 Haziran 2016).
  • Anico, Marta/Peralta, Elsa, (Ed.), Heritage and Identity: Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World, London 2008.
  • Aykan Bentahar, Bahar, “Kültürel Miras Hakkı: Kültürel Mirasa İnsan Hakları Temelli Güncel Yaklaşımlar”, Alternatif Politika Y. 2018, C. 10, S. 2, s. 231-252.
  • Blake, Janet, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly Y. 2000, C. 49, S. 1, s. 61-85. (“On Defining the Cultural Heritage”)
  • Blake, Janet, “Taking a Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection”, Heritage & Society Y. 2011, C. 4, S. 2, s. 199-238. (“Taking a Human Rights Approach”)
  • Byrne, Denis, “A Critique of Unfeeling Heritage”, Intangible Heritage, Ed.: Laurajane Smith, Natsuko Akagawa, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Çeli̇ktaş Türkbay, Özge, “Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasının İnsan Hakları Hukuku ile İlişkisi ve Kültürel Miras Hakkı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Y. 2021, C. 23, S. 2, s. 1443-1481.
  • Francioni, Francesco, “Natural Resources and Human Rights”, Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources, Ed.: Elisa Morgera, Kati Kulovesi, Cheltenham UK 2016.
  • General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, Par. 1), Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1990.
  • General Comment No. 21 Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15, Para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2009.
  • Ian Hodder, “Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-Being”, Anthropological Quarterly Y. 2010, C. 83, S. 4, s. 861-882.
  • Jokilehto, Jukka, “Human Rights and Cultural Heritage. Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 226-230.
  • Kiper, H. Perihan, Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel-Kültürel Değerlerinin Korunması -Türkiye-Bodrum Örneği-, Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2004.
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Race and History. Paris 1952.
  • Logan, William, “Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection”, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles.
  • Logan, William, “Cultural Diversity, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Towards Heritage Management as Human Rights-Based Cultural Practice”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 231-244. (“Cultural Diversity”)
  • Lowenthal, David, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge 1998.
  • Philp, Janette, “The Political Appropriation of Burma’s Cultural Heritage and Its Implications for Human Rights”, Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice, Ed.: Michele Langfield, William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Prott, Lyndel V. “International Standards for Cultural Heritage”, World Culture Report, 1998: Culture, Creativity and Markets, Paris 1998.
  • Silverman, Helaine/Ruggles, D. Fairchild, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles, New York 2007.
  • Smith, Laurajane, Uses of Heritage. London 2006.
  • https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
  • https://www.refworld.org/

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 821 - 841, 02.10.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Algan, Dr. Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. 1. B., Ankara, 2007.
  • A.M.B. v. Ecuador, No. 003/2014 (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 20 Haziran 2016).
  • Anico, Marta/Peralta, Elsa, (Ed.), Heritage and Identity: Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World, London 2008.
  • Aykan Bentahar, Bahar, “Kültürel Miras Hakkı: Kültürel Mirasa İnsan Hakları Temelli Güncel Yaklaşımlar”, Alternatif Politika Y. 2018, C. 10, S. 2, s. 231-252.
  • Blake, Janet, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly Y. 2000, C. 49, S. 1, s. 61-85. (“On Defining the Cultural Heritage”)
  • Blake, Janet, “Taking a Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection”, Heritage & Society Y. 2011, C. 4, S. 2, s. 199-238. (“Taking a Human Rights Approach”)
  • Byrne, Denis, “A Critique of Unfeeling Heritage”, Intangible Heritage, Ed.: Laurajane Smith, Natsuko Akagawa, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Çeli̇ktaş Türkbay, Özge, “Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasının İnsan Hakları Hukuku ile İlişkisi ve Kültürel Miras Hakkı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Y. 2021, C. 23, S. 2, s. 1443-1481.
  • Francioni, Francesco, “Natural Resources and Human Rights”, Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources, Ed.: Elisa Morgera, Kati Kulovesi, Cheltenham UK 2016.
  • General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, Par. 1), Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1990.
  • General Comment No. 21 Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15, Para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2009.
  • Ian Hodder, “Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-Being”, Anthropological Quarterly Y. 2010, C. 83, S. 4, s. 861-882.
  • Jokilehto, Jukka, “Human Rights and Cultural Heritage. Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 226-230.
  • Kiper, H. Perihan, Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel-Kültürel Değerlerinin Korunması -Türkiye-Bodrum Örneği-, Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2004.
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Race and History. Paris 1952.
  • Logan, William, “Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection”, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles.
  • Logan, William, “Cultural Diversity, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Towards Heritage Management as Human Rights-Based Cultural Practice”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 231-244. (“Cultural Diversity”)
  • Lowenthal, David, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge 1998.
  • Philp, Janette, “The Political Appropriation of Burma’s Cultural Heritage and Its Implications for Human Rights”, Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice, Ed.: Michele Langfield, William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Prott, Lyndel V. “International Standards for Cultural Heritage”, World Culture Report, 1998: Culture, Creativity and Markets, Paris 1998.
  • Silverman, Helaine/Ruggles, D. Fairchild, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles, New York 2007.
  • Smith, Laurajane, Uses of Heritage. London 2006.
  • https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
  • https://www.refworld.org/

Obligations of States In the Context of Cultural Heritage Protection: Challenges and Approaches

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 821 - 841, 02.10.2025

Öz

The protection of cultural heritage requires addressing a variety of challenges. The most valid method for this endeavor today is human rights-based approaches. The local ownership-oriented approach developed by Laurajane Smith aims to emphasize the role of local peoples in cultural heritage conservation processes. As a critique of this approach, the participation-oriented approach developed by Ian Hodder argues that grounding cultural heritage rights on property is exclusionary and claims to offer a more inclusive solution. Within the scope of the study, firstly, discussions on the concept of cultural heritage will be included, and then the relationship between the protection of cultural heritage and human rights will be analyzed. In the meantime, the process of recognizing cultural heritage rights as human rights will be discussed in the light of relevant legal texts. Then, the right to participate in cultural life, which includes the rights to cultural heritage, and the obligations of states in the context of this right will be evaluated. Then, the main challenges related to the fulfillment of these obligations and especially the concept of ethnic cleansing will be examined. Finally, the human rights-based approaches to these challenges developed by Laurajane Smith and Ian Hodder will be discussed

Kaynakça

  • Algan, Dr. Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. 1. B., Ankara, 2007.
  • A.M.B. v. Ecuador, No. 003/2014 (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 20 Haziran 2016).
  • Anico, Marta/Peralta, Elsa, (Ed.), Heritage and Identity: Engagement and Demission in the Contemporary World, London 2008.
  • Aykan Bentahar, Bahar, “Kültürel Miras Hakkı: Kültürel Mirasa İnsan Hakları Temelli Güncel Yaklaşımlar”, Alternatif Politika Y. 2018, C. 10, S. 2, s. 231-252.
  • Blake, Janet, “On Defining the Cultural Heritage”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly Y. 2000, C. 49, S. 1, s. 61-85. (“On Defining the Cultural Heritage”)
  • Blake, Janet, “Taking a Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection”, Heritage & Society Y. 2011, C. 4, S. 2, s. 199-238. (“Taking a Human Rights Approach”)
  • Byrne, Denis, “A Critique of Unfeeling Heritage”, Intangible Heritage, Ed.: Laurajane Smith, Natsuko Akagawa, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Çeli̇ktaş Türkbay, Özge, “Kültürel Mirasın Korunmasının İnsan Hakları Hukuku ile İlişkisi ve Kültürel Miras Hakkı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Y. 2021, C. 23, S. 2, s. 1443-1481.
  • Francioni, Francesco, “Natural Resources and Human Rights”, Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources, Ed.: Elisa Morgera, Kati Kulovesi, Cheltenham UK 2016.
  • General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, Par. 1), Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1990.
  • General Comment No. 21 Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15, Para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2009.
  • Ian Hodder, “Cultural Heritage Rights: From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-Being”, Anthropological Quarterly Y. 2010, C. 83, S. 4, s. 861-882.
  • Jokilehto, Jukka, “Human Rights and Cultural Heritage. Observations on the Recognition of Human Rights in the International Doctrine”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 226-230.
  • Kiper, H. Perihan, Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel-Kültürel Değerlerinin Korunması -Türkiye-Bodrum Örneği-, Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2004.
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Race and History. Paris 1952.
  • Logan, William, “Closing Pandora’s Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection”, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles.
  • Logan, William, “Cultural Diversity, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Towards Heritage Management as Human Rights-Based Cultural Practice”, International Journal of Heritage Studies Y. 2012, C. 18, S. 3, s. 231-244. (“Cultural Diversity”)
  • Lowenthal, David, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge 1998.
  • Philp, Janette, “The Political Appropriation of Burma’s Cultural Heritage and Its Implications for Human Rights”, Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice, Ed.: Michele Langfield, William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, 1. B., London 2009.
  • Prott, Lyndel V. “International Standards for Cultural Heritage”, World Culture Report, 1998: Culture, Creativity and Markets, Paris 1998.
  • Silverman, Helaine/Ruggles, D. Fairchild, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Ed.: Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles, New York 2007.
  • Smith, Laurajane, Uses of Heritage. London 2006.
  • https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
  • https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
  • https://www.refworld.org/
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İnsani ve İnsan Hakları Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kadircan Berkay Çakıralp 0009-0008-3778-1652

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakıralp, K. B. (2025). Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Bağlamında Devletlerin Yükümlülükleri: Zorluklar ve Yaklaşımlar. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 821-841.