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Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 68 - 78, 01.12.2014

Öz

Ni-lateritler çoğunlukla dunit, peridotit, serpantinit gibi olivin-içeren ultramafik kayaçlardan şekillenen ve ekonomik olarak işletilebilir Ni-Co rezervleri içeren oluşumlardır. Nikel birincil olarak %0.16-0.40 Ni içeren forsteritik olivinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Mineraloji temelinde, Ni-lateritler Tip A (sulu Mg-silikat yatakları), Tip B (kil simektit yatakları), Tip C (oksit yatakları) şeklinde 3 ana tip içerisinde incelenebilmektedir. Batı Anadolu’daki Ni-laterit yatakları (örn: Çaldağ, Gördes, Muratdağı vd.) ultramafik kayaçların tropikal iklim alanlarında bozuşmasının yaygın birer ürünüdürler. Derleme niteleğindeki bu çalışmada, dünya genelinde gözlenen Ni-lateritlerin yayılımları, tipleri ve oluşum koşulları irdelenmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Freyssinet, Ph., Butt, C.R.M., Morris, R.C., Piantone, P. Ore-forming processes related to lateritic weathering, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 681-722, (2005).
  • Heerington, R., Boni, M., Skarpelis, N., Large, D. Palaeoclimate, weathering and ore deposits – a European perspective. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 1373-1376, (2007).
  • Hitzman, M.W., Reynolds, N., Sangster, D.F., Allen, C.R., and Carman, C. Classification, Genesis, and Exploration Guides for Non-Sulfide Zinc Deposits: Economic Geology, 98, 685-714, (2003).
  • [4] Sillitoe, R.H. Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 723-768, (2005).
  • Naldrett, A.J. Key factors in the genesis of Noril’sk, Sudbury, Jinchuan, Voisey’s Bay and other world-class Ni–Cu–PGE deposits: implications for exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 283-315, (1997).
  • Hoatson, D.M., Jaireth,S., Jaques, A.L. Nickel sulfide deposits in Australia: Characteristics, resources, and potential. Ore Geology Reviews 29, 177-241, (2006).
  • Krauskopf, K.B. Indroduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill and Kogakusha, 617, (1979).
  • Ross, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S. Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Academic Press Inc. (London). Ltd. 635, (1979).
  • Trescases, J.J. Nickekiferous laterites: a review on the contributions of the last ten years. Prem. Geol. Survey India 120, 51-62, (1986).
  • Trescases, J.J. Les gisements late´ritiques de nickel. Coll ‘‘Se´dimentologie et ge´ochimie de la surface. Les coll. de l’Acade´mie des Sciences et du Casa, 101110, (1993).
  • Barnes, J.W. Ore and Minerals. Introducing Economic Geology. Open University Press. 181, (1988).
  • Dalvi, A.D., Bacon, W.G., Osborne, R.C. The past and future of nickel laterites, PDAC International Convention, Trade Show & Investors Exchange, 7-10 March, 1-27, (2004).
  • Sudol, S. The thunder from down under: everything you wanted to know about laterites but were afraid to ask, Canadian Mining Journal, (2005).
  • Kuck, P.H. Nickel. United States Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2006. United States Geological Survey, 116-117, (2006).
  • Rona, P.A., Scott, S.D. A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization: New Perspectives. Economic Geology. 88, 1935-1975, (1994).
  • Rona, P.A. Resources of the Sea Floor. Science. 299, 673-674, (2003).
  • Brand, N.W., Butt, C.R.M., Elias, M. Nickel laterites: classification and features: AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 17, 81-88, (1998).
  • Lewis, J.F., Draper, G., Proenza, J.A., Espaillat, J., Jimenez, J. Ophiolite-related ultramafic rocks (serpentinites) in the Caribbean Region: A review of their occurrence, composition, origin, emplacement and Ni-laterite soil formation. Geologica Acta, 4, 237-263, (2006).
  • Elias, M. Nickel laterite deposits – Geological overview, resources and exploitation. In: David, R.C., June, P. (Eds.), Giant ore Deposits: Characteristics, Genesis and Exploration. Codes Special Publication, 4, 205–220, (2002).
  • Valeton, I., Biermann, M., Reche, R., Rosenberg, F. Genesis of Ni-laterites and bauxites in Greece during the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their relation to ultrabasic parent rocks. Ore Geology Review, 2, 359-404, (1987).
  • Economou-Eliopoulos, M., Eliopoulos, D., Laskou, M. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Ni-laterites from Greece and Yugoslavia: plate tectonic aspects of the Alpine metallogeny in the Carpatho-Balkan region. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of IGCP Project 356, 2, 113-120, (1996).
  • Economou-Eliopoulos, M., Eliopoulos, D., Apostolikas, A., Maglaras, K. Precious and rare earth element distribution in Ni-laterites from Lokris area, Central Greece. Papunen, H. (eds.) Miner. Deposits: Res. Explor., Where do they Meet?, 411–414, Balkema, Rotterdam, (1997).
  • Eliopoulos, D.G., Economou-Eliopoulos, M. Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Fe-Ni and bauxitic-laterite deposits of Greece. Ore Geology Reviews 16, 41-58, (2000).
  • Skarpelis, N. Lateritization processes of ultramafic rocks in Cretaceous times: The fosil weathering crusts of mainland Greece, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 88, 325- 328, (2006).
  • Gleeson, S.A., Butt, C.M.R., Elias, M. Nickel laterites: a review. SEG Newsletter Soc. Econ. Geosci. 54, 9-16, (2003).
  • Bardossy G., Aleva, G.J.J. Lateritic bauxites: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 624 (1990).
  • Sarah, A.G. Nickel Laterites Through Geological Time. Salt Lake City Annual Meeting (October 16-19, 2005)General Information for this Meeting, (2005).
  • Skarpelis, N. Eocene nickel laterites in Greece and Albania. In: Proceedings 4th Biennial SGA Meeting, (Pappunen, H. ed), 503-506, (1997).
  • Herrington R.J., Zaykov, V.V., Maslennikov, V.V., Brown, D., Puchkov, V.N. Mineral Deposits of the Urals and Links to Geodynamic Evolution, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 1069-1095, (2005).
  • Boni, M., Large, D. Non-sulfide Zinc Mineralization in Europe: An Overview. Economic Geology, 98(4), 715-729, (2003).
  • Butt, C.R.M. Nickel laterites and bauxites. CSIRO Australia, Division of Mineralogy, Perth. Report FP12, 34, (1975).
  • Glazkovsky, A.A., Gorbunov, G.I., and Sysoev, F.A. Deposits of nickel, in Smirnov, V.I., ed., Ore deposits of the USSR: London, Pitman, 2, 3-79 (1977).
  • Golightly, J.P., Nickeliferous laterites: A general description, in Evans, D.J.I., Shoemaker, R.S. and Veltman, H., eds., International Laterite Symposium: New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 3–23. (1979a)
  • Golightly, J.P., Geology of Soroako nickeliferous laterite deposits, in Evans, D.J.I., Shoemaker, R.S. and Veltman, H., eds., International Laterite Symposium: New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 38–56. (1979b).
  • Alcock, R.A. The Character and Resources Available to the Nickel Industry, Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt: Proceedings of a Symposium, The Metallurgical Society, C.P. Tyroler and C. A. Landolt Ed., 117th TMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 67-89 (1988).
  • Tardy, Y., Boeglin, J.L., Novikoff, A., Roquin, C. Petrological and geochemical classification of laterites. Clays controlling the Environment. 10th International Clays Conference. Published by CSIRO Publishing, Australia. 481-486, (1995).
  • Gerth, J. Unit-cell dimensions of pure and trace metal-associated goethite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 363-371, (1990).
  • Golightly, J. P. Nickeliferious laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary Volume, 710-735, (1981).
  • Llorca, S., Monchoux, P. Supergene cobalt minerals from New Caledonia. Can. Miner. 29, 149-161, (1991).
  • Merrill, G.P. Rocks, rock-weathering and soils. New York. MacMillan Company, 411, (1897).
  • Eggleton, R.A. eds. The Regolith Glossary. CRC LEME 144, (2001).
  • Avias, J.V. Role de I’hydrogeologie dans la genese, le deplacement et la destruction des gites nickeliferes alteritiques riches, d’apres I’exemple de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des iles Philippines. In: Implications de I’hydrologie dans les autres sciences de la tere, I.H.E.S. Symposium, Montpellier, 11-16 Sept., 1978, Mem. Hors ser. CERGH-USTL, Montpellier, 179-188 (In French). (1978)
  • De Vletter, D.R. How Cuban nickel ore was formed-a lesson in laterite genesis. Engineering and Mining Journal, 156, 84-87, (1955).
  • Butt, C.R.M., Sheppy, N.R. Geochemical exploration problems in Western Australia exemplified by the Mt.Keith area. In: Elliott, I.L. & Fletcher, W.K. (eds.), Geochemical exploration 1974. Developments in Economic Geology, 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 392-415, (1975).
  • PRMSEC (Projet de Recherches Minie`res du Sud-Est du Cameroun) Pre´sence de late´rites nickelife`res sur roches ultrabasiques. Actes Se´m. Int. late´rites Douala, 1986. ORSTOM, 323-336, (1987).
  • Yongue-Fouateu, R., Ghogomu, R.T., Penaye, J., Ekodeck, G.E., Stendal, H., Colin, F. Nickel and cobalt distribution in the laterites of the Lomie´ region, south-east Cameroon. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 45, 33-47. (2006).
  • Boldt, J. R. Queneau, P. The Winning of Nickel, Longmans Canada Ltd. Toronto, 387-453, (1967).
  • DPT. Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Madencilik Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu Metal Madenler Alt Komisyonu: Diğer Metal Madenler Çalışma Grubu Raporu, Antimuan-Tungsten-Nikel-Vanadyum-Molibden-Kalay-Manganez. 2629 - ÖİK: 640, 79 , (2001).
  • Sardes Madencilik A.Ş., www.bnm.com.tr, Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2014

Formation and Properties of Ni-Laterites

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 68 - 78, 01.12.2014

Öz

Ni-laterites, derived mainly from olivine-bearing ultramafic rocks such as dunite, olivine-pyroxene peridotite, their serpentinized equivalents outcrop over a wide domain, are economically exploitable reserves of nickel and cobalt. The nickel is originated principally from forsteritic olivine (>Fo75), which commonly contins 0.16-0.40% Ni. Based on the mineralogy, Ni-laterites are divided into three main types as Type A (hydrated Mg-silicate deposits), Type B (clay silicate deposits), Type C (oxide deposits). Ni-laterites in western Anatolia (e.g. Çaldağ, Gördes, Muratdağı etc.) are common products of tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks.In this compilation type of study,distributions,types and formation processes of Ni-laterites worldwide wereexamined

Kaynakça

  • Freyssinet, Ph., Butt, C.R.M., Morris, R.C., Piantone, P. Ore-forming processes related to lateritic weathering, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 681-722, (2005).
  • Heerington, R., Boni, M., Skarpelis, N., Large, D. Palaeoclimate, weathering and ore deposits – a European perspective. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 1373-1376, (2007).
  • Hitzman, M.W., Reynolds, N., Sangster, D.F., Allen, C.R., and Carman, C. Classification, Genesis, and Exploration Guides for Non-Sulfide Zinc Deposits: Economic Geology, 98, 685-714, (2003).
  • [4] Sillitoe, R.H. Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 723-768, (2005).
  • Naldrett, A.J. Key factors in the genesis of Noril’sk, Sudbury, Jinchuan, Voisey’s Bay and other world-class Ni–Cu–PGE deposits: implications for exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 283-315, (1997).
  • Hoatson, D.M., Jaireth,S., Jaques, A.L. Nickel sulfide deposits in Australia: Characteristics, resources, and potential. Ore Geology Reviews 29, 177-241, (2006).
  • Krauskopf, K.B. Indroduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill and Kogakusha, 617, (1979).
  • Ross, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S. Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Academic Press Inc. (London). Ltd. 635, (1979).
  • Trescases, J.J. Nickekiferous laterites: a review on the contributions of the last ten years. Prem. Geol. Survey India 120, 51-62, (1986).
  • Trescases, J.J. Les gisements late´ritiques de nickel. Coll ‘‘Se´dimentologie et ge´ochimie de la surface. Les coll. de l’Acade´mie des Sciences et du Casa, 101110, (1993).
  • Barnes, J.W. Ore and Minerals. Introducing Economic Geology. Open University Press. 181, (1988).
  • Dalvi, A.D., Bacon, W.G., Osborne, R.C. The past and future of nickel laterites, PDAC International Convention, Trade Show & Investors Exchange, 7-10 March, 1-27, (2004).
  • Sudol, S. The thunder from down under: everything you wanted to know about laterites but were afraid to ask, Canadian Mining Journal, (2005).
  • Kuck, P.H. Nickel. United States Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2006. United States Geological Survey, 116-117, (2006).
  • Rona, P.A., Scott, S.D. A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization: New Perspectives. Economic Geology. 88, 1935-1975, (1994).
  • Rona, P.A. Resources of the Sea Floor. Science. 299, 673-674, (2003).
  • Brand, N.W., Butt, C.R.M., Elias, M. Nickel laterites: classification and features: AGSO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 17, 81-88, (1998).
  • Lewis, J.F., Draper, G., Proenza, J.A., Espaillat, J., Jimenez, J. Ophiolite-related ultramafic rocks (serpentinites) in the Caribbean Region: A review of their occurrence, composition, origin, emplacement and Ni-laterite soil formation. Geologica Acta, 4, 237-263, (2006).
  • Elias, M. Nickel laterite deposits – Geological overview, resources and exploitation. In: David, R.C., June, P. (Eds.), Giant ore Deposits: Characteristics, Genesis and Exploration. Codes Special Publication, 4, 205–220, (2002).
  • Valeton, I., Biermann, M., Reche, R., Rosenberg, F. Genesis of Ni-laterites and bauxites in Greece during the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their relation to ultrabasic parent rocks. Ore Geology Review, 2, 359-404, (1987).
  • Economou-Eliopoulos, M., Eliopoulos, D., Laskou, M. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Ni-laterites from Greece and Yugoslavia: plate tectonic aspects of the Alpine metallogeny in the Carpatho-Balkan region. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of IGCP Project 356, 2, 113-120, (1996).
  • Economou-Eliopoulos, M., Eliopoulos, D., Apostolikas, A., Maglaras, K. Precious and rare earth element distribution in Ni-laterites from Lokris area, Central Greece. Papunen, H. (eds.) Miner. Deposits: Res. Explor., Where do they Meet?, 411–414, Balkema, Rotterdam, (1997).
  • Eliopoulos, D.G., Economou-Eliopoulos, M. Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Fe-Ni and bauxitic-laterite deposits of Greece. Ore Geology Reviews 16, 41-58, (2000).
  • Skarpelis, N. Lateritization processes of ultramafic rocks in Cretaceous times: The fosil weathering crusts of mainland Greece, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 88, 325- 328, (2006).
  • Gleeson, S.A., Butt, C.M.R., Elias, M. Nickel laterites: a review. SEG Newsletter Soc. Econ. Geosci. 54, 9-16, (2003).
  • Bardossy G., Aleva, G.J.J. Lateritic bauxites: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 624 (1990).
  • Sarah, A.G. Nickel Laterites Through Geological Time. Salt Lake City Annual Meeting (October 16-19, 2005)General Information for this Meeting, (2005).
  • Skarpelis, N. Eocene nickel laterites in Greece and Albania. In: Proceedings 4th Biennial SGA Meeting, (Pappunen, H. ed), 503-506, (1997).
  • Herrington R.J., Zaykov, V.V., Maslennikov, V.V., Brown, D., Puchkov, V.N. Mineral Deposits of the Urals and Links to Geodynamic Evolution, Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 1069-1095, (2005).
  • Boni, M., Large, D. Non-sulfide Zinc Mineralization in Europe: An Overview. Economic Geology, 98(4), 715-729, (2003).
  • Butt, C.R.M. Nickel laterites and bauxites. CSIRO Australia, Division of Mineralogy, Perth. Report FP12, 34, (1975).
  • Glazkovsky, A.A., Gorbunov, G.I., and Sysoev, F.A. Deposits of nickel, in Smirnov, V.I., ed., Ore deposits of the USSR: London, Pitman, 2, 3-79 (1977).
  • Golightly, J.P., Nickeliferous laterites: A general description, in Evans, D.J.I., Shoemaker, R.S. and Veltman, H., eds., International Laterite Symposium: New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 3–23. (1979a)
  • Golightly, J.P., Geology of Soroako nickeliferous laterite deposits, in Evans, D.J.I., Shoemaker, R.S. and Veltman, H., eds., International Laterite Symposium: New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 38–56. (1979b).
  • Alcock, R.A. The Character and Resources Available to the Nickel Industry, Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt: Proceedings of a Symposium, The Metallurgical Society, C.P. Tyroler and C. A. Landolt Ed., 117th TMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 67-89 (1988).
  • Tardy, Y., Boeglin, J.L., Novikoff, A., Roquin, C. Petrological and geochemical classification of laterites. Clays controlling the Environment. 10th International Clays Conference. Published by CSIRO Publishing, Australia. 481-486, (1995).
  • Gerth, J. Unit-cell dimensions of pure and trace metal-associated goethite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 363-371, (1990).
  • Golightly, J. P. Nickeliferious laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary Volume, 710-735, (1981).
  • Llorca, S., Monchoux, P. Supergene cobalt minerals from New Caledonia. Can. Miner. 29, 149-161, (1991).
  • Merrill, G.P. Rocks, rock-weathering and soils. New York. MacMillan Company, 411, (1897).
  • Eggleton, R.A. eds. The Regolith Glossary. CRC LEME 144, (2001).
  • Avias, J.V. Role de I’hydrogeologie dans la genese, le deplacement et la destruction des gites nickeliferes alteritiques riches, d’apres I’exemple de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des iles Philippines. In: Implications de I’hydrologie dans les autres sciences de la tere, I.H.E.S. Symposium, Montpellier, 11-16 Sept., 1978, Mem. Hors ser. CERGH-USTL, Montpellier, 179-188 (In French). (1978)
  • De Vletter, D.R. How Cuban nickel ore was formed-a lesson in laterite genesis. Engineering and Mining Journal, 156, 84-87, (1955).
  • Butt, C.R.M., Sheppy, N.R. Geochemical exploration problems in Western Australia exemplified by the Mt.Keith area. In: Elliott, I.L. & Fletcher, W.K. (eds.), Geochemical exploration 1974. Developments in Economic Geology, 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 392-415, (1975).
  • PRMSEC (Projet de Recherches Minie`res du Sud-Est du Cameroun) Pre´sence de late´rites nickelife`res sur roches ultrabasiques. Actes Se´m. Int. late´rites Douala, 1986. ORSTOM, 323-336, (1987).
  • Yongue-Fouateu, R., Ghogomu, R.T., Penaye, J., Ekodeck, G.E., Stendal, H., Colin, F. Nickel and cobalt distribution in the laterites of the Lomie´ region, south-east Cameroon. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 45, 33-47. (2006).
  • Boldt, J. R. Queneau, P. The Winning of Nickel, Longmans Canada Ltd. Toronto, 387-453, (1967).
  • DPT. Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Madencilik Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu Metal Madenler Alt Komisyonu: Diğer Metal Madenler Çalışma Grubu Raporu, Antimuan-Tungsten-Nikel-Vanadyum-Molibden-Kalay-Manganez. 2629 - ÖİK: 640, 79 , (2001).
  • Sardes Madencilik A.Ş., www.bnm.com.tr, Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2014
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22CY34BH
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Erem Abdullah Tufan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tufan, E. A. (2014). Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(2), 68-78.
AMA Tufan EA. Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. Aralık 2014;16(2):68-78.
Chicago Tufan, Erem Abdullah. “Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu Ve Özellikleri”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 16, sy. 2 (Aralık 2014): 68-78.
EndNote Tufan EA (01 Aralık 2014) Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 16 2 68–78.
IEEE E. A. Tufan, “Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri”, BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 2, ss. 68–78, 2014.
ISNAD Tufan, Erem Abdullah. “Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu Ve Özellikleri”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 16/2 (Aralık 2014), 68-78.
JAMA Tufan EA. Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2014;16:68–78.
MLA Tufan, Erem Abdullah. “Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu Ve Özellikleri”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 68-78.
Vancouver Tufan EA. Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve Özellikleri. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2014;16(2):68-7.