Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki Hava Kirliliğinin Modellenmesi, Kirlilik Azaltımı ve Maruziyet Analizi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 27 - 46, 01.06.2014

Alper Kılıç Serdar Kum Alper Ünal Tayfun Kındap

Öz

Günümüzde insan kaynaklı hava kirliliği önemli ölçüde artış göstermiştir. Marmara Bölgesi, Türkiye' nin en fazla endüstrileşmiş ve en yoğun nüfusa sahip bölgesidir. Bölge, hava kirliliği açısından, sahra taşınımları gibi doğal kirletici kaynaklarla beraber, değişik sektörlerden gelen kirletici kaynaklardan etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada; Marmara Bölgesi' ndeki yüksek çözünürlüklü kirletici kaynaklar tespit edilerek, bölgenin meteorolojik koşulları altında kirletici konsantrasyonları tahmin edilmiş, bölgedeki insan nüfusunun maruz kaldığı kirlilik düzeyi belirlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Marmara Bölgesi, hava kirliliği, CMAQ

Air Pollution Modeling, Pollution Reduction and Exosure Analysis in Marmara Region

Öz

Today, antropogenic air pollution has increased significantly. Marmara Region of Turkey is the most industrialized and most densely populated region. In terms of air pollution, the region is affected from different pollution sources such as natural sources like saharan dust. In this study, air pollution sources are defined at high resolution, pollution concentrations are estimated under the meteorological conditions of the region and human populations are determined exposed those concentrations

Anahtar Kelimeler

Marmara Region, air pollution, CMAQ

Kaynakça

• [1]. Jakobson, M. Z., Atmospheric pollution, history, science and regulation, Cambridge University Press, (2002).
• [2]. Kılıç, A., Gemilerden kaynaklanan egzoz emisyonları ve dağılım modellemesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul (2006).
• [3]. European Environment Agency (EEA), Air quality in Europe, Report No: 4/2012, (2012).
• [4]. World Healt Organization (WHO), Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005, World Health Organization, ISBN 92 890 2192 6, (2006).
• [5]. Bayram, H., Dörtbudak, Z., Fişekçi, F. E., Kargın, M. ve Bülbül, B., Hava kirliliğinin insan sağlığına etkileri, dünyada, ülkemizde ve bölgemizde hava kirliliği sorunu, Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 33(2), 105-112, (2006).
• [6]. World Health Organization (WHO), Air quality and health, Fact Sheet No: 313, (2008).
• [7]. Buhaug, Ø., Corbett, J.J., Endresen, Ø., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D.S., Lee, D., Lindstad, H., Markowska, A.Z., Mjelde, A., Nelissen, D., Nilsen, J., Palsson, C., Winebrake, J.J.,Wu, W.Q., and Yoshida, K., Second IMO GHG study, International Maritime Organization (IMO) London, UK, (2009).
• [8]. Şahin, M., İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye, Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara, (2008).
• [9]. TÜİK, 2010.
• [10]. http://www.ito.org.tr, (24.03.2011).
• [11]. Kındap, T., Unal, A., Chen, S. H., Hu, Y., Odman, M. T., and Karaca, M., Long- range aerosol transport from Europe to Istanbul, Turkey, Atmospheric Environment, 40(19), 3536-3547, (2006).
• [12]. Kanakidou, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kindap, T., Im, U., Vrekoussis, M., Gerasopoulos, E., Dermitzaki, E., Unal, A., Koçak, M., Markakis, K., Melas, D., Kouvarakis, G., Youssef, A. F., Richter, A., Hatzianastassiou, N., Hilboll, A., Ebojie, F., Wittrock, F., von Savigny, C., Burrows, J. P., LadstaetterWeissenmayer, A. and Moubasher, H., Megacities as hot spots of air pollution in the East Mediterranean, Atmospheric Environment, 45(6), 1223-1235, (2011).
• [13]. Kindap, T., Ünal, A. And Karaca, M., Analysis of the Saharan dust transport to the Anatolian Peninsula: megacity perspective, Atmospheric Chemistry and physics, In review, (2010).
• [14]. Unal, Y. S., Toros, H., Deniz, A., and Incecik, S., Influence of meteorological factors and emission sources on spatial and temporal variations of PM10 concentrations in Istanbul metropolitan area, Atmospheric Environment, 45(31), 5504-5513, (2011).
• [15]. Ozkurt, N., Sari, D., Akalin, N., and Hilmioglu, B., Evaluation of the impact of SO2 and NO2 emissions on the ambient air-quality in the Çan–Bayramiç region of northwest Turkey during 2007–2008, Science of The Total Environment, 456–457, p 254-266, (2013).
• [16]. Karaca, F., Mapping the corrosion impact of air pollution on the historical peninsula of Istanbul, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14, 129-137, (2013).
• [17]. Atikol, U. and Güven, H., Impact of cogeneration on integrated resource planning of Turkey, Energy, 28(12), 1259-1277, (2003).
• [18]. Esmemr, S., Ceti, I. B. and Tuna, O., A Simulation for Optimum Terminal Truck Number in a Turkish Port Based on Lean and Green Concept, The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 26(2), 277-296, (2010).
• [19]. OECD, Greenhouse gas emissions reduction potentials from international shipping, Discussion Paper No : 2009-11, (2009).
• [20]. http://www.palgaz.com.tr/index.php?contentId=150, (16.03.2011).
• [21]. Canakci, M., Ozsezen, A. N., Arcaklioglu, E. and Erdil, A., Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying palm oil, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(5), 9268-9280, (2009).
• [22]. Gumus, M. and Kasifoglu, S., Performance and emission evaluation of a compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 34, 134-139, (2010).
• [23]. Sayin, C., Ilhan, M., Canakci, M. and Gumus, M., Effect of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel–methanol blends, Renewable Energy, 34(5), 1261-1269, (2009).
• [24]. Kumar, S., Cho, J. H., Park, J. and Moon, I., Advances in diesel–alcohol blends and their effects on the performance and emissions of diesel engines, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 46-72, (2013).
• [25]. Sayin, C., Uslu, K. and Canakci, M., Influence of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel CI engine, Renewable Energy, 33(6), 1314-1323, (2008).
• [26]. Miola, A., Ciuffo, B., Grovine, E., Marra, M., Regulating air emission from ships, JRC Report, (2010).
• [27]. Sieber, N. and Kummer, U. Environmental costs of maritime shipping in Europe.
• [28]. http://www.marmore.com.tr, (28.11.2013).
• [29]. Kılıç, A., Marmara Bölgesi' ndeki deniz ve hava taşımacılığından kaynaklanan emisyon envanterinin oluşturulması ve hava kirliliğinin modellenmesi, Doktora Tezi, İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul (2014).
• [30]. http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php, (16.02.2012).
• [31]. CMASIE, Operational guidance for the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system,Version 4.7.1, University of North Carolina, (2010).
• [32]. Anenberg SC, Horowitz LW, Tong DQ, West JJ., An estimate of the global burden of anthropogenic ozone and fine particulate matter on premature human mortality using atmospheric modeling, Environment Health Perspect, 118, 1189-1195, (2010).
• [33]. Anenberg SC, Schwartz J, Shindell D, Amann M, Faluvegi G, Klimont Z, Janssens-Maenhout G, Pozzoli L, Van Dingenen R, Vignati E, Emberson L, Muller NZ, West JJ, Williams M, Demkine V, Hicks WK, Kuylenstierna J, Raes F, Ramanathan V., Global air quality and health co-benefits of mitigating near- term climate change through methane and black carbon emission controls, Environment Health Perspect, 120(6), 831-839, (2012).