C02 emissions and globalization nexus: Empirical evidence from newly industrialized countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 54, 699 - 716, 16.12.2025

Semih Karacan , Melahat Batu Ağırkaya

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.1643352

Öz

The relationship between globalization and emissions has been extensively examined in the context of developing countries, with the literature largely shaped around the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses. However, Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), which pursue sustainable growth and implement environmental policies similar to those adopted by developed economies, may not be an appropriate subgroup of developing countries in this regard. Accordingly, this study investigates the relationship between CO₂ emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable energy consumption, and globalization using an augmented Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The study evaluates a dataset covering the period from 1990 to 2019 for eight countries. Since the variables in the model exhibit different orders of integration, the STIRPAT model is estimated using the panel ARDL approach following a cointegration test. Given the presence of cross-sectional dependence in the residuals of the ARDL model and the heterogeneity of long-run coefficients across cross-sections, Mean Group (MG) estimators have been preferred for model estimation. According to the findings, an increase in GDP statistically significantly raises CO₂ emissions in both the short and long run, whereas renewable energy consumption reduces CO₂ emissions over both time horizons. However, globalization has no significant impact on CO₂ emissions in these countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emissions , KOF Globalization Index , Nearly Industrialized Countries , Panel ARDL , Pollution Haven , Pollution Halo

C02 emisyonları ve küreselleşme bağlantısı: Yeni sanayileşmiş ülkelerden elde edilen ampirik kanıtlar

Öz

Küreselleşme ile emisyonlar arasındaki ilişki, gelişmekte olan ülkeler bağlamında geniş çapta incelenmiş olup, literatür büyük ölçüde kirlilik sığınağı (pollution haven) ve kirlilik halesi (pollution halo) hipotezleri etrafında şekillenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, sürdürülebilir büyümeyi hedefleyen ve çevresel politikalar açısından gelişmiş ekonomiler tarafından benimsenen uygulamalara benzer politikalar izleyen Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkeler (NIC’ler), bu bağlamda gelişmekte olan ülkelerin uygun bir alt grubu olmayabilir. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışma, CO2 emisyonları, gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH), yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve küreselleşme arasındaki ilişkiyi, genişletilmiş bir Stokastik Etkiler- Nüfus, Refah ve Teknolojiye Regresyon (STIRPAT) modeli kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalışmada, 1990-2019 yıllarını kapsayan veri seti, sekiz ülke için değerlendirilmiştir. Modelde yer alan değişkenlerin farklı derecelerde durağan olması nedeniyle, STIRPAT modeli eş bütünleşme testi sonrası panel ARDL yaklaşımı ile tahmin edilmiştir. ARDL modelinin artıklarında yatay kesit bağımlılığı olduğu ve uzun dönem katsayıları yatay kesitler arasında homojen olmadığından modelin tahmininde Ortalama Grup (MG) tahmincileri tercih edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, GSYH’daki artış CO2 emisyonlarını kısa ve uzun vadede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak arttırırken, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ise hem kısa hem de uzun vadede CO₂ emisyonlarını azaltmaktadır. Ancak, küreselleşmenin CO2 emisyonları üzerinde bu ülkelerde herhangi bir anlamlı etkisi yoktur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 emisyonları , KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi , Neredeyse Sanayileşmiş Ülkeler , Panel ARDL , Kirlilik Cenneti , Kirlilik Halesi

Kaynakça

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