The socialization process and the effect of environmental factors on aberrant behavior tendencies during adolescence: A theoretical review[

Öz

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage characterized by intense identity search and shaped by biological, psychological, and social transformations. This study aims to examine socialization and deviant behavior tendencies in adolescence, bringing together Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory, Bandura's Social Learning Theory, and Castells' Network Society approach within a holistic theoretical framework. While digitalization contributes to the expansion of social bonds by offering opportunities such as rapid access to information, a sense of belonging, and social support, it also brings risks such as cyberbullying, online abuse, internet addiction, digital game and gambling addiction, and exposure to inappropriate content. In this context, the structure and dynamics of digital networks, in addition to traditional socialization agents such as family, peer group, and school, become decisive in understanding adolescent behavior. Accordingly, it is emphasized that the combined evaluation of social bonding, social learning, and network-based interaction processes offers a multidimensional perspective in explaining deviant behaviors. This study presents a theoretical analysis that examines adolescents' deviant behavior tendencies through a synthesis of theoretical approaches and critically evaluates the limitations of Hirschi's theory in the digital context. The results of the analysis show that social ties are not weakened but rather restructured during the digitalization process, and that this transformation is decisive in shaping dolescents' behavioral patterns.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolescence
• deviant behavior tendency
• social bond (control) theory
• juvenile delinquency
• peer bullying

Etik Beyan

This study, consisting of a literature review and theoretical analysis, does not require ethics committee approval.

Ergenlik döneminde sosyalleşme süreci ve çevresel faktörlerin kuraldışı davranış eğilimlerine etkisi: Kuramsal bir inceleme

Öz

Ergenlik dönemi, bireyin kimlik arayışının yoğunlaştığı; biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal dönüşümlerle şekillenen kritik bir gelişim evresidir. Bu çalışma, ergenlikte sosyalleşme ve kuraldışı davranış eğilimlerini incelemeyi amaçlamakta; Hirschi’nin Sosyal Bağ Kuramı, Bandura’nın Sosyal Öğrenme Kuramı ve Castells’in Ağ Toplumu yaklaşımını, bütüncül bir kuramsal çerçevede bir araya getirmektedir. Dijitalleşme, bilgiye hızlı erişim, aidiyet duygusu ve sosyal destek gibi olanaklar sunarak sosyal bağların genişlemesine katkı sağlarken; siber zorbalık, çevrimiçi suistimal, internet bağımlılığı, dijital oyun ve kumar bağımlılığı ile uygunsuz içeriklere maruz kalma gibi riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda aile, akran grubu ve okul gibi geleneksel sosyalleşme ajanlarının yanı sıra dijital ağların yapısı ve dinamikleri de ergen davranışlarının anlaşılmasında belirleyici hale gelmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, sosyal bağlanma, sosyal öğrenme ve ağ temelli etkileşim süreçlerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesinin, kuraldışı davranışların açıklanmasında çok boyutlu bir bakış açısı sunduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Çalışma, ergenlerin kuraldışı davranış eğilimlerini kuramsal yaklaşımların sentezi yoluyla inceleyen ve Hirschi’nin kuramının dijital bağlamdaki sınırlılıklarını eleştirel olarak değerlendiren kuramsal bir analiz sunmaktadır. Analiz sonuçları, dijitalleşme sürecinde sosyal bağların tamamen zayıflamaktan ziyade yeniden yapılandığını ve bu dönüşümün ergenlerin davranış örüntüleri üzerinde belirleyici olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergenlik
• kuraldışı davranış eğilimi
• sosyal bağ (kontrol) teorisi
• çocuk ve genç suçluluğu
• akran zorbalığı

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, literatür taraması ve teoriik analizden oluşması nedeniyle ile etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer almaktadır.

Kaynakça

1. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Northeastern University Press.
2. Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2012). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
3. Alfi, A., Krisnatuti, D., & Defina, D. (2004). Interaction adolescent-parent and peer, social media, and social skill. Journal of Family Sciences, 9(1), 1–16.
4. Ali, Y. A. M. (2024). The relationship between socialization methods and behavioral problems of working children. Egyptian Journal of Social Work, 18(1), 145–166.
5. Avcı, M. (2010). Ergenlikte toplumsal uyum sorunları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 39–63.
6. Bağış, R. C. (2019). Çocukları suça sürükleyen çevresel nedenler: Sosyal bağ ve sosyal öğrenme teorileri ışığında bir değerlendirme. Humanitas, 7(14), 203–221.
7. Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:1<17::AID-CASP526>3.0.CO;2-M
8. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.

9. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299.
10. Bayar, P., & Sayıl, M. (2005). Ergenlikte risk alma davranışları ve cinsiyet farklılıkları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 20(56), 1–12.
11. Benvenuti, M., Panesi, S., Giovagnoli, S., Selleri, P., & Mazzoni, E. (2023). Young people’s online lives: How perceived social support affects internet use during adolescence. European Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00705-5
12. Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent well-being: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001
13. Bettencourt, A. F., Clary, K. F., Ialongo, N., & Musci, R. J. (2023). Long-term consequences of bullying involvement in first grade. Journal of School Psychology, 97, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2023.01.004
14. Boyar, Ü., & Arslantaş, H. (2004). Ergenlerde siber zorbalık, siber mağduriyet ve depresyon: Kesitsel bir çalışma. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.1340112
15. Bridge, E. N., & Duman, N. (2019). Ergenlerde siber zorbalığa duyarlılığın demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(3), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.20
16. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
17. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Balka, E. B., & Cohen, P. (1990). Longitudinally predicting late adolescent and young adult drug use: Childhood and adolescent precursors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007
18. Burkay, S. (2009). Sosyal problem görünümüyle sapma ve suç. In N. Adak (Ed.), Sosyal problemler sosyolojisi: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den örnekler (pp. 287–326). Siyasal Kitabevi.
19. Castells, M. (2001). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press.
20. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. Scribner. https://ia802800.us.archive.org/24/items/cu31924032559316/cu31924032559316.pdf
21. Costello, B. J., & Vowell, P. R. (1991). Testing control theory and differential association: A reanalysis of the Richmond Youth Project data. Criminology, 29(4), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01087.x
22. Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385–1401.
23. Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2007). Understanding bullying: From research to practice. Canadian Psychology, 48(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cp2007010
24. Demir, M., & Çetin, F. (2019). Ergenlerde riskli davranışlar ve sosyal çevre etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 34(2), 77–91.
25. Demir, N. Ö., Baran, A. G., & Ulusoy, D. (2005). Relations of adolescents with their peer groups in Ankara and deviated behaviors. Bilig, (32), 83–108.
26. Duell, N., & Steinberg, L. (2025). Positive and negative risk-taking behaviors in adolescents: A contemporary review. Journal of Adolescence. PMC.
27. Duman, H. (2023). Sosyal medya kullanımı ve ergenlerde çevrimiçi risk davranışları. Gelişim Psikolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(2), 45–60.
28. Duman, B., & Baştemur, Ş. (2023). Ergenlerde sosyal medya kullanımı, sosyal fobi ve riskli davranışlar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 1698–1714.
29. Durkheim, E. (1897/2014). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1897)
30. Durkheim, E. (2011). Eğitim ve sosyoloji (Çev. O. Adanır). İletişim Yayınları.
31. Durkheim, E. (2014). The division of labor in society (W. Halls, Trans.; Original work published 1897). Free Press.
32. Ekşi, H., & Türk-Kurtça, T. (2021). The witness experiences of bullying in high school students: A qualitative study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(60), 37–48.
33. Elliott, K. J., & Lambourn, A. J. (1999). Sex, drugs and alcohol: Two peer-led approaches in Tamaki Makaurau/Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0244
34. Elliott, D. S., & Lambourn, V. (1999). Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Sage.
35. Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136.
36. Envenuti, M., Panesi, S., Giovagnoli, S., Selleri, P., & Mazzoni, E. (2024). Teens online: How perceived social support influences the use of the Internet during adolescence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39, 629–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00705-5
37. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company.
38. Espelage, D. L., & Hong, J. S. (2019). Cyberbullying prevention and intervention: The next generation. Social Work, 64(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz014
39. Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2010). Bullying in North American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Routledge.
40. Farrington, D. P. (2020). The importance of risk factors for bullying perpetration and victimization. Journal of Pediatrics (Rio de Janeiro), 96(6), 667–669.
41. Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015). The effect of daily stress on depressive mood in adolescents: The role of seeking social support through Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070
42. Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., & Almendros, C. (2016). Cyberbullying among adolescent dating partners: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0327-1
43. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press. Giddens, A. (2013). Sosyoloji (H. Özel & S. Kuşdil, Trans.). Ayraç Yayınları.
44. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
45. Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Walters, L. H., Rubin, D. L., & Hale, L. (2000). Targeting adolescent risk-taking behaviors: The contributions of egocentrism and sensation seeking. Journal of Adolescence, 23(4), 439–461.
46. Havighurst, R. J. (1952). Developmental tasks and education. McKay Company.
47. Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00629
48. Hamm, M. P., Newton, A. S., Chisholm, A., Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P., … Hartling, L. (2016). Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school-aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026
49. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
50. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
51. Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K
52. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. Academic Press.
53. Kaner, E. F. S. (2001). Anti-social behavior in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 24(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.038
54. Kıran-Esen, B. (2003). Ergenlerde risk alma davranışları ile benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 28(128), 3–10.
55. Kapetanovic, S., Boele, S., & Skoog, T. (2019). Parent-adolescent communication and adolescent delinquency: Unraveling within-family processes from between-family differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(9), 1707–1723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01043-w
56. Livingstone, S., & Smith, P. K. (2014). Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies—the nature, prevalence and management of cyberbullying. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 635–654.
57. Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Abnormal child psychology (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.
58. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press.
59. Mead, G. H. (1967). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist (C. W. Morris, Ed.). University of Chicago Press.
60. Molenaar, M. G., Weerman, F. M., & Defoe, I. N. (2025). An investigation of the relationship between online and offline violence: Methodological and theoretical considerations. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1623246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1623246
61. Morsümbül, Ü. (2013). Ergenlikte kimlik statüleri ve risk alma arasındaki ilişki. İlköğretim Online, 12(2), 347–355.
62. Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005501003
63. Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in social media context: Part 1—A theoretical framework and research review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x
64. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell.
65. O’Dea, B., & Campbell, A. (2012). Online social networking and the experience of cyber-bullying. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 181, 212–217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22954858/
66. O’Dea, B., & Campbell, A. (2012). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact on Australian youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558411417863
67. Olweus, D. (2011). Bullying at school and later criminality: Findings from three Swedish community samples of males. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 151–156.
68. Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190
69. Özdemir, M. (2018). Social ties weakening and delinquency: An evaluation of Hirschi’s theory. Sociology Research Journal, 21(2), 134–152.
70. Paez, G. R. (2020). Assessment predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: The influence of individual factors, attachments, and prior victimization. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 2(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00025-7
71. Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Free Press.
72. Romano, G., Adeyemi, I., & Meier, J. (2025). Predicting adolescent risk-taking behavior from sensation seeking and peer pressure. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies, 6(4), 126–133.
73. Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
74. Sarı, E., & Arslantaş, H. (2018). Ergen suçluluğu: Bireysel ve çevresel risk faktörleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 45–67.
75. Shader, M. (2001). Risk factors for delinquency: An overview. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
76. Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the like in adolescence. Psychological Science, 27(7), 1027–1035.
77. Simons-Morton, B., Haynie, D., & Crump, A. D. (2001). The effect of peer influence on risk behavior of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(1), 31–39.
78. Simons-Morton, B., Haynie, D., Crump, A. D., Eitel, P., & Saylor, K. (2001). Peer and parent influences on smoking and drinking among early adolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 28(1), 95–107.
79. Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
80. Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.2005
81. Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
82. Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: The role of media in development. Springer.
83. Sutherland, E. H. (1939). Principles of criminology (4th ed.). J. B. Lippincott.
84. Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
85. Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011a). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
86. Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011b). The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: A systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.808
87. Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Smith, C. A., & Porter, P. K. (2003). Causes and consequences of criminality. In Assessing criminality: Longitudinal research in social and behavioral sciences. Springer.
88. Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
89. Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 258–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.014
90. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011a). Online communication among adolescents: An integrated model. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(2), 121–127.
91. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011b). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(2), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01523.x
92. Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
93. Wang, S., Nesi, J., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2018a). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the ABC study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(6), 722–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.01.011
94. Wang, Q., Nesi, J., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2018b). Digital media and adolescent development. In J. S. Brown & C. D. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 589–610). Wiley.
95. Ümit, E. (2007). Mekândan imkâna: Çocuk suçluluğunun habitusu ve ceza ehliyeti ilişkisi. Ankara Barosu Yayınları.
96. Yavuzer, H. (2004). Çocuk psikolojisi (39th ed.). Remzi Kitabevi.
97. Yavuzer, H. (2007). Doğum öncesinden ergenlik sonuna çocuk psikolojisi. Remzi Yayınevi.
98. Yavuzer, H. (2013). Gelişim psikolojisi (7th ed.). Remzi Kitabevi.
99. Zhao, N., Yang, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Xie, W., Tan, Y., & Zhou, T. (2023). School bullying results in poor psychological conditions: Evidence from a survey of 95,545 subjects. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.06552