GEÇ NEOLİTİK 3-4 (MÖ. 6300-5900) VE KÜLTÜREL TEMAS: KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA VE KUZEY LEVANT’TA BOYALI KERAMİK DEVRİMİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 42, 317 - 358, 31.12.2019

İzzet Çıvgın

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.658812

Öz

Geç Neolitik, MÖ. 7000’den başlayıp 5500 ila 5100’e kadar devam eden dönemin adıdır. Eskiden bu devrin ikinci yarısı, Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, Ubeyd olarak adlandırılan 4 maddi kültür topluluğu ekseninde tanımlanır; bu kültür evrenlerinin hem coğrafi hem de kronolojik açılardan ayırt edilebilir olgular olduğuna inanılırdı. Ama Geç Neolitiği numaralandırarak inceleyen yeni kronoloji anlayışı, adı geçen “kültür”ler arasındaki farkların sunî olduğunu ve 4 maddi kültür evreni arasında sürekli etkileşimler-geçişler yaşandığını ortaya koydu. Dönemin ortalarına denk düşen Geç Neolitik 3 (MÖ. 6300-6000) ve 4 (MÖ. 6000-5900) Yakın Doğu Tarihi açısından birer dönüm noktası oluştururlar. İlkinde, MÖ. 6200 iklim olayı denen soğuma ve kuraklaşma toplumları hareketli (yarı-göçebe) çobanlığa zorlamış, avcı-toplayıcı pratikler yeniden güçlenmiş, ikincil ürünler devrimi ile süt ve yün üretimi başlamış, yalın kapların yanına da “iyi mallar” olarak bilinen kaliteli çanak-çömlekler eklenmişti. İkinci alt-dönemi ise boyalı keramik devrimi şekillendirdi, çömlek ustaları Kuzey Mezopotamya’nın pek çok yerleşiminde neredeyse eşzamanlı olarak Hassuna ve Samarra tipi kapların boyalı örneklerini ürettiler. Fırın içindeki oksijen ve karbondioksit oranının denetimli biçimde değiştirilmesinden ibaret yeni pişirme tekniklerinin keşfedildiği bu devir, Halaf’ın gelişini haber verdiği için “Geçiş” ya da “Proto-Halaf” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Proto-Halaf nasıl yoğun kültürel etkileşim sayesinde Hassuna ve Samarra maddi kültürlerinin kaynaşmasının ürünü ise, Halaf döneminde (Geç Neolitik 5’te) de yoğun kültürel temas hız kesmeyecek ve bütün Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant aynı maddi kültür temelinde bütünleşecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hassuna-Samarra ve Proto-Halaf, İlk Boyalı Keramikler, Kültürel Etkileşim

Late Neolithic 3-4 (6300-5900 BCE) and Cross-Cultural Encounters: Painted Pottery Revolution in Northern Mesopotamia and Northern Levant

Öz

A critical phase of the Ancient Near Eastern history, Late Neolithic covers the period 7000-5500/5100 BCE. Approximately a half century ago, the scholars proposed that Northern Mesopotamia was inhabited by distinct cultural entities known by their pottery styles as first attested at certain key sites, many of which have given their name on chronological episodes, such as Hassuna, Samarra and Halaf. But the most recent Late/Pottery Neolithic chronology for Upper Mesopotamia proposed by Reinhard Bernbeck and Olivier P. Nieuwenhuyse state that the Hassuna and Samarra “influences” form part of a continuous development, the transitional stage between pre-Halaf (6200 BCE) and the Early Halaf (5900 BCE). According to new chronology, Mid-Late Neolithic represented some turning points in human history. The 8.2 kiloyear event took place during the Late Neolithic 3 period (6300-6000 BCE): An abrupt decrease in temperature occurred with prolonged drought, decreased settlement sizes, population dispersal, spread of mobile pastoralism, secondary product revolution (milk and wool) ans exploitation of wildlife resources. Finally, painted pottery revolution (rapid increase of the proportion of painted vessels in the ceramic assemblage) took place during the Late Neolithic 4, also known as Proto-Halaf or “Transition” (to the Halaf ceramic tradition). Halaf pottery (fine wares) emerged gradually from a transitional stage in which Hassuna and Samarra decorative modes and stylistic traits dominated. It’s a new kind of technically advanced pottery, usually showing alternating oxidizing-reducing-reoxidizing firing conditions with a complex style of decoration. Cross-cultural encounters (contacts and interactions of various types: trade, emulation, migration or colonization, displacement of pastoralists) make the Late Neolithic 3-4 community of Northern Levant and Northern Mesopotamia an oecumene concerning the subsistence economy and the material culture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hassuna-Samarra and Proto-Halaf, Earliest Painted Pottery, Cross-Cultural Encounters

Kaynakça

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