Arazi kullanımı değişimi, bölgesel, ekonomik ve sosyal gelişiminde hayati rol oynamaktadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Peyzaj Ekolojisi ilkesine dayalı CBS teknikleri kullanarak Edremit
Körfezi’nin kuzey sahil bölgesinde peyzaj paterninin ve arazi örtüsünün zamansal ve
mekânsal değişimini nicel olarak ortaya koymak ve açıklamaktır. Bu çalışmada üç farklı
Landsat TM ve ETM+ (1987, 2000 ve 2010) uydu görüntüsü kullanılmıştır. Mekânsal desen
ve mekânsal heterojenite peyzaj metrikleri hesaplanarak analiz edilmiştir. Hesaplamalar
sırasında hem standart hem de hareketli pencere (moving window) analizleri kullanılmıştır.
Peyzaj değişimi ile ilgili olarak, peyzaj yapısından mekânsal dağılım ve ilişkinin
yönü tartışılmıştır. 1987-2010 döneminde, özellikle dağlarda ormanlarda artış ve sahil
bölgelerinde yapay alanlarda bir artış fakat zeytinlik ve meyvelerde bir azalış belirlenmiştir.
Yoğun ekili tarım alanlarında da belirgin bir azalma tespit edilmiştir. Zeytin ağaçlarının
(Olea europaea subsp. europaea) baskın olduğu zeytinlik-meyvelik arazileri inşaa
edilmiş arazilere dönüştüren kentleşme süreçleri, son yirmi yılda, bölgede peyzaj deseninin
zamansal ve mekânsal değişmesine yol açan en önemli etkendir. Sonuçlar peyzaj
kompozisyonu ve biçiminin arazi örtüsü değişiminin açıklanmasında önemli olduğunu ortaya
koymuştur. Bölgede artan koruma çabası sadece orman alanlarını korumak için değil
geleneksel tarım uygulamalarını içeren zeytinliklerin korunması için de yapılmalıdır
Alphan, H. (2006) “Ekosistem Dinamiklerinin İzlenmesine Bir Araç Olarak Peyzaj Değişimlerinin Analizi”, Ekoloji
15 (58): 8-15.
Bastian, O. (2001) “Landscape ecology: towards a unified discipline?”, Landscape Ecology 16: 757–766.
Coppedge, B.R.; Engle, D.M.; Fuhlendorf, S.D.; Masters, R.E.; Gregory. M.S. (2001) “Landscape cover type and
pattern dynamics in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands”, Landscape Ecology 16 (8): 677-690.
Crews-Meyer, K.A. (2001) “Assessing landscape change and population-environment interactions via panel analysis”,
Geocarto International 16 (4): 69-79.
Dilek, F.E.; Uzun, O. (2007) “Düzce Asarsuyu Havzasında Peyzaj Değişimi”, Ekoloji Dergisi 17 (65): 36-44.
Fahrig, L. (1997) “Relative affects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction”, Journal of Wildlife
Management 61(3): 603-610.
Forman, R.T.T.; Godron, M. (1986) Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Groom, G.; Mucher, C.A.; Ihse, M.; Wrbka, T. (2006) “Remote sensing in landscape ecology: experiences and perspectives
in a European context”, Landscape Ecology 21: 391–408.
D.; Jaiteh, M.S.; Esseen, P. (2005) “Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes”,
Conservation Biology 19(3): 1-15.
Hitchings, S.P.; Beebee, T.J.C. (1998) “Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in Common Toad (Bufo bufo) populations
isolated by inimical habitat”, J Evol Biol 11: 269–283.
Hurley, P.T.; Arı, Y. (2011) “Mining (Dis)amenity: the political ecology of mining opposition in the Kaz (Ida) Mountain
region of western Turkey”, Development and Change 42 (6): 1393–1415.
İrtem, E.; Karaman, E. (2004) “Edremit Küçükkuyu arasındaki turizm faaliyetlerinin kıyı alanlarına etkisi ve önerilen
yönetim programı”, İTÜ Mühendislik Dergisi 3 (1): 3-14
İrtem, E.; Kabdaşlı, S.; Azber, N. (2005) “Coastal zone problems and environmental strategies to be implemented
at Edremit Bay, Turkey”, Environmental Management 36 (1): 37-47.
Jensen, J.R. (2000) Remote Sensing of the Environment an Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice Hall Series in Geographic
Information Science, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Johnson, D.H.; Schwartz, M.D. (1993) “The conservation reserve program and grassland birds”, Conservation Biology
7: 934–937.
Kocadağlı, A.Y. (2009) “Türkiye’de zeytincilik faaliyetlerinde Edremit Körfezi kıyılarının önemi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi
Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü Coğrafya Dergisi 19 : 28-58.
Lavers, C.; Haines-Young, R. (1993) “Equilibrium Landscapes and Their Aftermath: Spatial Heterogeneity and the
Role of New Technology”, In: Haines-Young R, Green D, Cousins S (eds.), Landscape Ecology and Geographic
Information System, London: 57-74.
Lo Gullo, A.M.; Salleo. S. (1988) “Different strategies of drought resistance in three Mediterranean sclerophyllous
trees growing in the same environmental conditions”, New Phytol. 108: 267–276.
Loumou, A.; Giourga, C.H.; Dimitrakopoulos, P.; Koukoulas, S. (2000) “Tourism contribution to agro-ecosystems
conservation; the case of Lesbos island, Greece”, Environmental Management 26(4): 363-370.
Marsh, G.P. (1864) Man and Nature: or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Harvard University
Press, Cambridge.
McGarigal, K.; Marks, B.J. (1995) FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-351, Portland, Oregon.
McGarigal, K.; Cushman, S.A. (2002) “Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat
fragmentation effects”, Ecological Applications 12(2): 335-345.
Messina, J.P.; Crews-Meyer, K.A.; Walsh, S.J. (2000) “Scale Dependent Pattern Metrics and Panel Data Analysis as
Applied in a Multiphase Hbrid Land Cover Classification Scheme”, In: Proceedings of the American Society
of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, ASPRS Conference in 2000, Miami, FL, USA.
Migliorini, P. (2011) “Development of Organic Olive Cultivation and Its Iportance for the Sustainability in the Mediterranean”
In: Migliorini, Paola; Minotou, Charikleia; Lusic, Drazen; Hashem, Yousry and Martinis, Aristotelis
(Eds.) Book of abstract. International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Agro-Eco Toursim in
the Mediterranean, DIO.
Milne, B.T. (1988) “Measuring the fractal geometry of landscapes”,A pplied Mathematics and Computation, 27: 67–79.
Milne, B.T. (1991) “Lessons From Applying Fractal Models to Landscape Patterns”, Quantitative Methods in Landscape
Ecology. (eds. M.G. Turner & R.H. Gardner ). New York, Springer-Verlag: 199-235.
Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Kent, J. (2000) “Biodiversity hotspots for
conservation priorities”, Nature 403: 853–858.
Naveh, Z.; Dan, J. (1973) The Human Degradation of Mediterranean Landscapes in Israel. In: Castri F, Mooney
HA (eds.), Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, Origin and Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York: 370– 390.
Newton, A.C.; Hill, R.A.; Echeverria, C.; Golicher, D.; Rey Benayas, J.M.; Cayuela, L.; Hinsley, S.A. (2009) “Remote
sensing and the future of landscape ecology”, Progress in Physical Geography 33: 528-546.
Primack, R.B. (1998) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Riebsame, W.E.; Meyer, W.B.; Turner, B.L. (1994) “Modeling land-use and cover as part of global environmental
change”, Climate Change 28: 45.
Stanners, D.; Bourdeau, P. (eds.) (1995) Europe’s environment: the Dobris assessment. European Environment
Agency, Luxembourg. Environmental Assessment Report no. 1. [http://reports.eea.eu.int/92-826-5409-5/en/
tab_content_RLR].
Tağıl, Ş. (2006) “Peyzaj Patern Metrikleriyle Balıkesir Ovası ve Yakınında habitat parçalılığında ve kalitesinde meydana
gelen değişim (1975-2000)”, Ekoloji Dergisi 15 (60): 24-36.
Thomas, W.L. (1956) Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Turner, M.G.; Ruscher, C.L. (1988) Changes in the spatial patterns of lands use in Georgia. Landscape Ecology
1: 241-251.
Turner, M.G. (1989) “Landscape ecology: The effect on pattern on process”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
20: 171–197
Turner, M.G.; Gardner, R.H.; O’Neill, R.V. (2001) Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process.
Springer- Verlag, New York.
Tzanopoulos, J.; Mitchley, J.; Pantis, J. (2005) “Modeling the effects of human activity on the vegetation of a northeast
Mediterranean island”, Applied Vegetation Science 8: 27-38.
UNEP. (1989) State of the Mediterranean Marine Environment. MAP Technical Report Series 28, Athens, Greece.
Wickware, G.M.; Howarth, P.J. (1981) “Change detection in the Peace-Athabasca Delta using digital landsat data”,
Remote Sensing of Environment 11: 9-25.
Wiens, J.A.; Moss, M.R. (1999) “Issues in Landscape ecology” International Association for Landscape Ecology
fifth world congress, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA, 1999. International Association for Landscape Ecology,
Guelph.
Wilcox, B.A.; Murphy, D.D. (1985) “Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction”, American
Naturalist 125: 879–887.
Spatiotemporal Change of Land Cover and Landscape Pattern in the North Coastal Region of Edremit Gulf
Land use change plays vital roles in regional, economic and social development.
The objective of this study is to explore and explain quantitatively the spatiotemporal
changes of land cover and landscape pattern in the North Coastal Region of the
Gulf Edremit, in Egean Sea with GIS Based on the principle of landscape ecology.
In this study, three different Landsat TM and ETM+ images (1987, 2000 and 2010)
were used. The spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity are analyzed by employing
and computing landscape metric variables. Both standard and moving window analyses
were carried out on the datasets. From landscape structure, spatial distribution
and relationship aspects discussed about the landscape changes. We measured an
increase in forests and especially in mountains, an increase in artificial areas, especially
in coastal zones, but a decrease in orchlands in coastal zones during 1987–
2010. Extensively cultivated areas showed a marked decrease. Urbanization processes
developed to transfer orchland dominanted with olive trees (Olea europaea
subsp. Europaea) into buildup land is the most important force leading to the spatiotemporal
change of landscape pattern in the area, in the last two decades. Results
indicate that landscape composition and configuration were important in explaining
land cover change. We suggest that an increasing conservation effort should be made
to protect not only for the forest areas but also the traditional Olive cultuvitation including
agricultural practices.
Alphan, H. (2006) “Ekosistem Dinamiklerinin İzlenmesine Bir Araç Olarak Peyzaj Değişimlerinin Analizi”, Ekoloji
15 (58): 8-15.
Bastian, O. (2001) “Landscape ecology: towards a unified discipline?”, Landscape Ecology 16: 757–766.
Coppedge, B.R.; Engle, D.M.; Fuhlendorf, S.D.; Masters, R.E.; Gregory. M.S. (2001) “Landscape cover type and
pattern dynamics in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands”, Landscape Ecology 16 (8): 677-690.
Crews-Meyer, K.A. (2001) “Assessing landscape change and population-environment interactions via panel analysis”,
Geocarto International 16 (4): 69-79.
Dilek, F.E.; Uzun, O. (2007) “Düzce Asarsuyu Havzasında Peyzaj Değişimi”, Ekoloji Dergisi 17 (65): 36-44.
Fahrig, L. (1997) “Relative affects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction”, Journal of Wildlife
Management 61(3): 603-610.
Forman, R.T.T.; Godron, M. (1986) Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Groom, G.; Mucher, C.A.; Ihse, M.; Wrbka, T. (2006) “Remote sensing in landscape ecology: experiences and perspectives
in a European context”, Landscape Ecology 21: 391–408.
D.; Jaiteh, M.S.; Esseen, P. (2005) “Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes”,
Conservation Biology 19(3): 1-15.
Hitchings, S.P.; Beebee, T.J.C. (1998) “Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in Common Toad (Bufo bufo) populations
isolated by inimical habitat”, J Evol Biol 11: 269–283.
Hurley, P.T.; Arı, Y. (2011) “Mining (Dis)amenity: the political ecology of mining opposition in the Kaz (Ida) Mountain
region of western Turkey”, Development and Change 42 (6): 1393–1415.
İrtem, E.; Karaman, E. (2004) “Edremit Küçükkuyu arasındaki turizm faaliyetlerinin kıyı alanlarına etkisi ve önerilen
yönetim programı”, İTÜ Mühendislik Dergisi 3 (1): 3-14
İrtem, E.; Kabdaşlı, S.; Azber, N. (2005) “Coastal zone problems and environmental strategies to be implemented
at Edremit Bay, Turkey”, Environmental Management 36 (1): 37-47.
Jensen, J.R. (2000) Remote Sensing of the Environment an Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice Hall Series in Geographic
Information Science, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Johnson, D.H.; Schwartz, M.D. (1993) “The conservation reserve program and grassland birds”, Conservation Biology
7: 934–937.
Kocadağlı, A.Y. (2009) “Türkiye’de zeytincilik faaliyetlerinde Edremit Körfezi kıyılarının önemi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi
Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü Coğrafya Dergisi 19 : 28-58.
Lavers, C.; Haines-Young, R. (1993) “Equilibrium Landscapes and Their Aftermath: Spatial Heterogeneity and the
Role of New Technology”, In: Haines-Young R, Green D, Cousins S (eds.), Landscape Ecology and Geographic
Information System, London: 57-74.
Lo Gullo, A.M.; Salleo. S. (1988) “Different strategies of drought resistance in three Mediterranean sclerophyllous
trees growing in the same environmental conditions”, New Phytol. 108: 267–276.
Loumou, A.; Giourga, C.H.; Dimitrakopoulos, P.; Koukoulas, S. (2000) “Tourism contribution to agro-ecosystems
conservation; the case of Lesbos island, Greece”, Environmental Management 26(4): 363-370.
Marsh, G.P. (1864) Man and Nature: or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Harvard University
Press, Cambridge.
McGarigal, K.; Marks, B.J. (1995) FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-351, Portland, Oregon.
McGarigal, K.; Cushman, S.A. (2002) “Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat
fragmentation effects”, Ecological Applications 12(2): 335-345.
Messina, J.P.; Crews-Meyer, K.A.; Walsh, S.J. (2000) “Scale Dependent Pattern Metrics and Panel Data Analysis as
Applied in a Multiphase Hbrid Land Cover Classification Scheme”, In: Proceedings of the American Society
of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, ASPRS Conference in 2000, Miami, FL, USA.
Migliorini, P. (2011) “Development of Organic Olive Cultivation and Its Iportance for the Sustainability in the Mediterranean”
In: Migliorini, Paola; Minotou, Charikleia; Lusic, Drazen; Hashem, Yousry and Martinis, Aristotelis
(Eds.) Book of abstract. International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Agro-Eco Toursim in
the Mediterranean, DIO.
Milne, B.T. (1988) “Measuring the fractal geometry of landscapes”,A pplied Mathematics and Computation, 27: 67–79.
Milne, B.T. (1991) “Lessons From Applying Fractal Models to Landscape Patterns”, Quantitative Methods in Landscape
Ecology. (eds. M.G. Turner & R.H. Gardner ). New York, Springer-Verlag: 199-235.
Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Kent, J. (2000) “Biodiversity hotspots for
conservation priorities”, Nature 403: 853–858.
Naveh, Z.; Dan, J. (1973) The Human Degradation of Mediterranean Landscapes in Israel. In: Castri F, Mooney
HA (eds.), Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, Origin and Structure, Springer-Verlag, New York: 370– 390.
Newton, A.C.; Hill, R.A.; Echeverria, C.; Golicher, D.; Rey Benayas, J.M.; Cayuela, L.; Hinsley, S.A. (2009) “Remote
sensing and the future of landscape ecology”, Progress in Physical Geography 33: 528-546.
Primack, R.B. (1998) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Riebsame, W.E.; Meyer, W.B.; Turner, B.L. (1994) “Modeling land-use and cover as part of global environmental
change”, Climate Change 28: 45.
Stanners, D.; Bourdeau, P. (eds.) (1995) Europe’s environment: the Dobris assessment. European Environment
Agency, Luxembourg. Environmental Assessment Report no. 1. [http://reports.eea.eu.int/92-826-5409-5/en/
tab_content_RLR].
Tağıl, Ş. (2006) “Peyzaj Patern Metrikleriyle Balıkesir Ovası ve Yakınında habitat parçalılığında ve kalitesinde meydana
gelen değişim (1975-2000)”, Ekoloji Dergisi 15 (60): 24-36.
Thomas, W.L. (1956) Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Turner, M.G.; Ruscher, C.L. (1988) Changes in the spatial patterns of lands use in Georgia. Landscape Ecology
1: 241-251.
Turner, M.G. (1989) “Landscape ecology: The effect on pattern on process”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
20: 171–197
Turner, M.G.; Gardner, R.H.; O’Neill, R.V. (2001) Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process.
Springer- Verlag, New York.
Tzanopoulos, J.; Mitchley, J.; Pantis, J. (2005) “Modeling the effects of human activity on the vegetation of a northeast
Mediterranean island”, Applied Vegetation Science 8: 27-38.
UNEP. (1989) State of the Mediterranean Marine Environment. MAP Technical Report Series 28, Athens, Greece.
Wickware, G.M.; Howarth, P.J. (1981) “Change detection in the Peace-Athabasca Delta using digital landsat data”,
Remote Sensing of Environment 11: 9-25.
Wiens, J.A.; Moss, M.R. (1999) “Issues in Landscape ecology” International Association for Landscape Ecology
fifth world congress, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA, 1999. International Association for Landscape Ecology,
Guelph.
Wilcox, B.A.; Murphy, D.D. (1985) “Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction”, American
Naturalist 125: 879–887.
Tağıl, Ş. (2014). EDREMIT KÖRFEZI’NIN KUZEY SAHIL BÖLGESINDE PEYZAJ PATERNI VE ARAZI ÖRTÜSÜNÜN ZAMANSAL VE MEKÂNSAL DEĞIŞIMI. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(31), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.663881