Buğdaya Çavdar Kromozom Parçacıklarının Aktarılması (Translokasyonları)

Öz

Bütün ıslah çalışmalarında, genetik kaynaklar istenilen özellikleri yeni nesillere aktarabilmek için

büyük öneme sahiptir. Buğday ıslahında, hastalıklara ve zararlılara dayanıklılık, soğuğa ve kuraklığa tolerans

sağlayan, bitkinin toprak üstü ve toprak altı biyokütlesini arttıran genler çavdarda bulunmaktadır. Bu

özelliklerin ıslah materyaline kazandırılabilmesi için çavdar ve tritikaleden gen almış buğday gen kaynakları

kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde oluşturulan ve farklı iki kromozom parçasının karşılıklı olarak yer değiştirmesi

anlamına gelen translokasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen genotiplerde tane verimi artışı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca

farklı ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalarda, bu yöntemlerle biyotik ve abiyotik stres şartlarına karşı tolerans gösteren

buğday genotipleri geliştirilmiştir. Ülkemiz, buğday ve çavdarın gen merkezi içerisinde bulunmasına karşın,

çavdardan gelen genlerin aktarımına gereken önemin verilmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Mevcut araştırmalar

doğrultusunda ülkemizdeki buğday ıslah programlarında bu konuya gereken önemin verilmesi amacıyla bu

güne dek dünya genelinde kromozom parçacıklarının aktarılması konusunda yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buğday,çavdar,kromozom parçacığı aktarılması,buğday ıslahı

Transfer of Rye Chromosome Particles to Wheat (Translocations)

Öz

In breeding studies, the genetic resources that contain these traits are of great importance in order to

transfer the desired characteristics to the new generation. There are genes that increase soil and subsoil biomass

that provide tolerance to diseases and pests, tolerance to cold and drought also in rye for wheat breeding. Wheat

gene sources derived from rye and triticale used in order to transfer these traits into breeding material. As a

result of the translocations which are formed in this way and which mean the reciprocal displacement of two

different chromosomal fragments, grain yield increase was observed in the obtained genotypes. In addition, in

studies conducted in different countries, wheat genotypes with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions

have been developed by these methods. Although, Turkey is gene center for wheat and rye, it is understood

that, the required importance is not given to gene transfer from rye. In the direction of the current researches,

studies on transferring chromosome particles around the world have been summarized so far in order to give

the necessary subject to this issue in the wheat breeding programs in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wheat,rye,translocations,wheat breeding

Kaynakça

1. An, D. G., Li, L. H., Li, J. M., Li, H. J., Zhu, Y. G. (2006). Introgression of resistance to powdery mildew conferred by chromosome 2R by crossing wheat nullisomic 2D with rye. J Integr Plant Biol. 2006;48:838– 47.
2. An, D., Zheng, Q., Luo, Q., Ma, P., Zhang, H., Li, L., et al. (2015). Molecular cytogenetic identification of a new wheat-rye 6R chromosome disomic addition line with powdery mildew resistance. PLoS One. 2015;10(8).
3. An, D., Zheng, Q., Zhou, Y., Ma, P., Lv, Z., Li, L., et al. (2013). Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a new wheat–rye 4R chromosome translocation line resistant to powdery mildew. Chromosome Res. 21:419– 32.
4. Austin, R. B. (1999). Yield of Wheat in The United Kingdom: Recent Advances and Prospects. Crop Sci, 39:1604–1610.
5. Cakmak, I, Derici, R., Torun, B., Tolay, I., Braun, H. J., Schlegel, R. (1997). Role of rye chromosomes in improvement of zinc efficiency in wheat and tritikalesi. Plant Soil. 1997;196:249–53.
6. Carver, B. F., Ownby, J. D. (1995). Acid soil tolerance in wheat. In: Donald LS, editor. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 54. Academic Press; 1995. p. 117–173.
7. Crespo-Herrera, L., Smith, C. M., Singh, R., Åhman, I. (2013). Resistance to multiple cereal aphids in wheat– alien substitution and translocation lines. Arthropod Plant Interact. 2013;7:535–45.
8. Cui, L., Xiu, G., XiaoMing, W., Heng, J., WenHua, T., HongLian, L., et al. (2012). Characterization of interaction between wheat roots with different resistance and Heterodera filipjevi. Acta Agron Sin. 2012; 38:1009 English abstract.

9. Dundas, I. S., Frappell, D. E., Crack, D. M., Fisher, J. M. (2001). Deletion mapping of a nematode resistance gene on rye chromosome 6R in wheat. Crop Sci. 2001;41:1771–8.
10. Ehdaie, B., Whitkus, R. W., Waines, J. G. (2003). Root Biomass, Water-Use Efficiency, and Performance of Wheat-Rye Translocations of Chromosomes 1 and 2 in Spring Bread Wheat ‘Pavon’. Crop Science, 43:710- 717.
11. Faris, J. D, Friebe, B., Gill, B. S. (2002). Wheat genomics: exploring the polyploid model. Curr Genomics. 2002;3:577–91.
12. Friebe, B., Hatchett, J. H., Gill, B. S., Mukai, Y., Sebesta, E. E. (1991). Transfer of Hessian fly resistance from rye to wheat via radiation-induced terminal and intercalary chromosomal translocations. Theor Appl Genet. 1991;83:33–40.
13. Friebe, B., Hatchett, J. H., Sears, R. G., Gill, B. S. (1990). Transfer of Hessian fly resistance from ‘Chaupon’ rye to hexaploid wheat via a 2BS/2RL wheat-rye chromosome translocation. Theor Appl Genet. 1990;79:385–9.
14. Friebe, B., Jiang, J., Raupp, W. J., McIntosh, R. A., Gill B.S. (1996). Characterization of wheat-alien translocations conferring resistance to diseases and pests: current status. Euphytica. 1996;91:59–87.
15. Fu, S., Ren, Z., Chen. X., Yan, B., Tan, F., Fu, T., et al. (2014). New wheat-rye 5DS-4RS·4RL and 4RS- 5DS·5DL translocation lines with powdery mildew resistance. J Plant Res. 2014;127:743–53.
16. Graybosch, R. A. (2001). Uneasy Unions: Quality Effects of Rye Chromatin Transfers to Wheat. J Cereal Science, 33:3-16.
17. Heun, M., Fishbeck., G. (1987). Identification of Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes by Analysing Host-Pathogen Interactions. Plant Breeding 98: 124-129.
18. Hsam, S. L. K., Mohler, V., Hartly, L., Wenzel, G., Zeller, F. J. (2000). Mapping of Powdery Mildew and Leaf Rust Resistance Genes on Wheat-Rye Translocated Chromosome T1BL.1RS Using Molecular and Biochemical Markers. Plant Breeding, 119:87-89.
19. Hysing, S. C., Hsam, S. L. K., Singh, R, P., Huerta-Espino J, Boyd L. A., Koebner R. M. D., et al. (2007). Agronomic performance and multiple disease resistance in T2BS.2RL wheat-rye translocation lines. Crop Sci. 2007;47:254–60.
20. Jiang, J., Friebe, B., Gill B. S. (1994). Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat. Euphytica. 1994;73:199–212.
21. Kim, W., Johnson, J. W., Baenziger, P. S., Lukaszewski, A. J., Gaines, C. S. (2004). Agronomic effect of wheat-rye translocation carrying rye chromatin (1R) from different sources. Crop Sci. 2004;44:1254–8.
22. Kim, W., Johnson, J. W., Baenziger, P., Stephen; Lukaszewski, A. J., Gaines, C. S. (2005). "Quality effect of wheat-rye (1R) translocation in ‘Pavon 76’" (2005). Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications. 116.
23. Knight, E., Greer, E., Draeger, T., Thole, V., Reader, S., Shaw, P., et al. (2010). Inducing chromosome pairing through premature condensation: analysis of wheat interspecific hybrids. Funct Integr Genomics. 2010;10:603–8.
24. Koszegi, B., Linc, G., Juhasz, L., Lang, L., Molnar-Lang, M. (2005). Occurrence of the 1RS/1BL Wheat-Rye Translocation in Hungarian Wheat Varieties. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 48(3): 227-236.
25. Krattinger, S. G., Lagudah, E. S., Spielmeyer, W., Singh R. P., Huerta-Espino, J., McFadden, H., et al. (2009). A Putative ABC Transporter Confers Durable Resistance to Multiple Fungal Pathogens in Wheat. Science. 2009;323:1360–3.
26. Landjeva, S., Korzun, V., Tsanev, V., Vladova, R., Ganeva, G. (2006). Distribution of the wheat–rye translocation 1RS. 1BL among bread wheat varieties of Bulgaria. Plant Breeding. 125 (1), 102-104.
27. Lapitan, N. L. V., Peng, J., Sharma, V. (2007). A high-density map and PCR markers for Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn7 on chromosome 1RS/1BL. Crop Sci. 2007;47:811–20.
28. Leonardo, A., Crespo, H., Gustavsson, L. G., Åhman, I. (2017). Hereditas A systematic review of rye (Secale cereale L.) as a source of resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 154:14.
29. Li, Z., Ren, Z., Tan, F., Tang, Z., Fu, S., Yan, B., et al. (2016). Molecular cytogenetic characterization of new wheat-rye 1R(1B) substitution and translocation lines from a Chinese Secale cereal L. Aigan with resistance to stripe rust. PLoS One. 2016;11(9), e0163642.
30. Lu, H., Rudd, J. C., Burd, J. D., Weng, Y. (2010). Molecular mapping of greenbug resistance genes Gb2 and Gb6 in T1AL.1RS wheat-rye translocations. Plant Breed. 2010;129:472–6.
31. Lukaszewski, A. J. (1990). Frequency of 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in United States Wheats. Crop Science, 30: 1151-1153.
32. Lukaszewski, A. J. (1997). Further manipulation by centric misdivision of the 1RS.1BL translocation in wheat. Euphytica. 1997;94:257–61.
33. Lukaszewski, A. J. (2006). Cytogenetically engineered rye chromosomes 1R to improve bread-making quality of hexaploid tritikalesi. Crop Sci. 2006;46:2183–94.
34. Luo, P. G., Zhang, H. Y., Shu, K., Zhang H. Q., Luo, H. Y., Ren, Z. L. (2008). Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) resistance in wheat with the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS chromosomal translocation. Can J Plant Pathol. 2008;30:254 9.
35. Mago, R., Spielmeyer, W., Lawrence, G. J., Lagudah, E. S., Ellis, J. G., Pryor, A. (2002). Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet. 2002;104:1317–24.
36. Malik, R., Brown-Guedira, G. L., Smith, C. M., Harvey, T. L., Gill, B. S. (2003). Genetic mapping of wheat curl mite resistance genes Cmc3 and Cmc4 in common wheat. Crop Sci. 2003;43:644–50.
37. Marais G. F., Marais A. S. (1994). The derivation of compensating translocations involving homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye. Euphytica. 1994;79:75–80.
38. Marais, G. F., Horn, M., Du Toit, F. (1994). Intergeneric transfer (rye to wheat) of a gene(s) for Russian wheat aphid resistance. Plant Breed. 1994;113:265–71.
39. McIntosh, R. A. (1983). A Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat. In: Sakamoto S (eds) Proc of 6th Int Wheat Genet Symp.University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, pp 1197-1254.
40. McIntosh, R. A., Dubcovsky, J., Rogers, W. J., Morris, C., Appels, R., Xia, X. C. (2013). Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG2/Triticum/wgc/2013/. Accessed 3 Jan 2017.
41. McIntosh, R. A., Friebe, B., Jiang, J., The, D., Gill B. S. (1995). Cytogenetical studies in wheat XVI. Chromosome location of a new gene for resistance to leaf rust in a Japanese wheat-rye translocation line. Euphytica. 1995;82:141–7.
42. Mettin, D., Blüthner, W. D., Schlegel, G. (1973). Additional Evidence on Spontaneous 1BL.1RS Wheat-Rye Substitutions. Wheat Genet Symp, 179184.
43. Mohler, V., Hsam, S., Zeller, F., Wenzel, G. (2001). An STS marker distinguishing the rye‐derived powdery mildew resistance alleles at the Pm8/Pm17 locus of common wheat. Plant Breed. 2001;120:448–50.
44. Moreno-Sevilla, B., Baeziger, P. S., Peterson, C. F., Graybosch, R. A., Mcvey, D. V. (1995). The T1BL.1RS Translocation: Agronomic Performance of F3-Derived Lines from a Winter Wheat Cross. Crop Science, 35: 1051-1055.
45. Porter, D. R., Webster J. A., Burton R. L., Puterka, G. J., Smith, E. L. (1991). New sources of resistance to greenbug in wheat. Crop Sci. 1991;31:1502–4.
46. Porter, D. R., Webster, J. A., Friebe, B. (1994). Inheritance of greenbug biotype-G resistance in wheat. Crop Sci. 1994;34:625–8.
47. Rabinovich S. V. (1998). Importance of wheat-rye translocations for breeding modern cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. Euphytica. 1998;100:323–40.
48. Rahmatov, M., Rouse, M. N., Nirmala, J., Danilova, T., Friebe, B., Steffenson, B. J., et al. (2016). A new 2DS.2RL Robertsonian translocation transfers stem rust resistance gene Sr59 into wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2016;129:1383–92.
49. Ren, T. H., Chen, F., Yan, B. J., Zhang, H. Q., Ren, Z. L. (2012). Genetic diversity of wheat-rye 1BL.1RS translocation lines derived from different wheat and rye sources. Euphytica. 2012;183:133–46.
50. Ren, T. H., Yang, Z. J., Yan, B. J., Zhang, H. Q., Fu, S. L., Ren, Z. L. (2009). Development and characterization of a new 1BL. 1RS translocation line with resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew of wheat. Euphytica. 2009;169:207–13.
51. Schlegel, R. (2014). Current list of wheats with rye and alien introgression. Version 02-14.
52. Schlegel, R., Meinel, A. (1994). A Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) on Chromosome Arm 1RS of Rye and its Effect on Yield Performance of Hexaploid Wheat. Cereal Res Comm, 22:7-13.
53. Schlegel, R., Werner, T., Hülgenhof, E. (1991). Confirmation of a 4BL/5RL Wheat-rye chromosome translocation line in the wheat cultivar ‘Viking’ showing high copper efficiency. Plant Breed. 1991;107:226–34.
54. Sebesta, E. E., Wood, E. A. (1978). Transfer of Greenbug Resistance from Rye to Wheat with X-rays. Agron Abstr, Am Soc Agron, 61-62.
55. Sebesta, E. E., Wood, E. A., Porter, D. R., Webster, J. A., Smith, E. L. (1994). Registration of Amigo Wheat Germplasm Resistant to Greenbug. Crop Science, 34: 293.
56. Singh, A., Pallavi, J. K., Gupta, P., Prabhu, K. V. (2012). Identification of microsatellite markers linked to leaf rust resistance gene Lr25 in wheat. J Appl Genet. 2012;53:19–25.
57. Singh, R. P., Rajaram, S. (1991). Resistance to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 50 Mexican bread wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 1991;31:1472–9.
58. Villareal, R. L., Banuelos, O., Mujeeb-Kazı, A., Rajaram, S. (1998). Agronomic Performance of Chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS Near-isolines in the Spring Bread Wheat Seri M82. Euphytica, 103: 195-202.
59. Villareal, R. L., Rajaram, S., Mujeeb-Kazı, A., Del Toro, E. (1991). The Effects of Chromosome 1B/1R Translocation on Yield Potential of Certain Spring Wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Breeding, 106:77- 81.
60. Yang, E., Li G., Li, L., Zhang, Z., Yang, W., Peng Y, et al. (2016). Characterisation of stripe rust resistance genes in the wheat cultivar Chuanmai45. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:601.
61. Yediay F. Y. (2009). Ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde 1AL.1RS VE 1BL.1RS çavdar translokasyonları ile cücelik genlerinin araştırılması Yüksek Lisans Tezi Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
62. Zeller, F. J., Fusch, E. (1983). Cytologie und Krankheitsresistenz einer 1A/1Rund mehrerer 1B/1R-Weizen- Roggen-Translokationssorten. Z. Pflanzenzüchtg, 90:285-296.
63. Zeller, J. F. (1973). 1B/1R Wheat-Rye Substitutions and Translocations. In: Sears ER, Sears MS (eds) Proc of 4th Int Wheat Genet Symp.University of Missouri, Columbia, USA, pp 209-221.
64. Zhou, Y., He, Z. H., Sui, X. X., Xia, X. C., Zhang, X. K., Zhang, G. S. (2007). Genetic improvement of grain yield and associated traits in the northern China winter wheat region from 1960 to 2000. Crop Sci. 2007;47:245–53.
65. Zhuang, L. F., Sun L., Li, A. X., Chen, T. T., Qi, Z. J. (2011). Identification and development of diagnostic markers for a powdery mildew resistance gene on chromosome 2R of Chinese rye cultivar Jingzhouheimai. Mol Breed. 2011;27:455–65.