Elma Ağaçları ve Çinko

Öz

Bitkiler için mutlak gerekli bir besin elementi olan çinko, meyve bahçelerinde eksikliğine en sık rastlanan elementlerden birisidir. Bu elementin toprak içerisinde hareket kabiliyeti sınırlı olup onun yarayışlılığını ve bitkiler tarafından alınımını pH, kireç, fosfor, silisyum ve organik madde gibi toprak özellikleri etkilemektedir. Ayrıca bitki bünyesine alınsa bile kök yüzeyinde, yaprak, sürgün ve gövdenin iletim demetlerinde çözünemez çinko fosfat şeklinde çökeldiğinden yarayışlılığı azalır. Elma ağaçlarında ileri derecede eksiklik belirtileri bir yıllık sürgünlerin ucundaki yapraklarda rozetleşme şeklinde kendini gösterir. Eksiklik şiddetinin belirlenmesinde yaprak analizlerinden faydalanılır. Yaprak analiz sonuçları değerlendirilirken özellikle yapraklarda P/Zn arasındaki orana dikkat edilmelidir. Eksiklik belirlenen elma bahçelerinde yeterli performansın elde edilmesi için mutlaka çinko gübrelemesi yapılmalıdır. Gübrelemede gerek çinko tuzları gerekse şelatlı çinkolar kullanılmaktadır. Tuz formunda olanlar dormant dönem ve hasat sonrasında kullanıldığı gibi şelat formunda olanlar yeşil aksam oluştuktan sonra uygulanır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çinko
• elma
• gübreleme
• eksiklik
• şelat

Apple Trees and Zinc

Öz

Zinc which is vital for plants is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in orchards. The mobility of this element in the soil is limited and its availability and absorption by plants are affected soil properties such as pH, lime, phosphorus, silicon and organic matter. Furthermore, even if it is absorbed into the plant structure, its usefulness is reduced because of precipitating in the form of insoluble zinc phosphate in the root surface, leaf, shoot and xylem. Severely deficient symptoms in apple trees manifest themselves as in rosette formation of leaves at the tip of one-year shoot. Leaf analysis is used to determine the level of deficiency. When evaluating leaf analysis results, attention should be paid to the ratio between P/Zn especially in the leaves. Zinc fertilization must be done in order to achieve adequate performance in apple orchards where deficiency is determined. Both zinc salts and chelated zincs are used in fertilization. While those in salt form are used at the dormant period and postharvest, those in the chelate form are applied after vegetation begins.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zinc
• apple
• fertilizing
• deficiency
• chelate

Kaynakça

1. Aichner, M., Stimpfl, E. (2002). Seasonal pattern and interpretation of mineral nutrient concentrations in apple leaves. Acta Hort., 594: 377-382. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.594.47.
2. Aktaş, M., Ateş, M. (1998). Bitkilerde Beslenme Bozuklukları, Nedenleri ve Tanınmaları. Engin Yayınevi, 247 s, Ankara.
3. Anonim, (2006). Fertilizing apples. Spectrum Analytic Inc., 1-23, Washington. http://www.uvm.edu/~orchard/Archived/PSS195_Apples/Readings/fertilizing_apple_trees.pdf.
4. Ashraf, M. S., Ranjha, A. M., Yaseen, M., Ahmad, N., Hannan, A. (2008). Zinc adsorption behavior of different textured calcareous soils using freundlich and langmuir models. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 45(1), 6-10.
5. Aydemir, O. (1992). Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları. No: 734, 247 s. Erzurum.
6. Barden, J. A., Neilsen G. H. (2003). Selecting the orchard site, site preparation and orchard planning and establishment. Apples, Botany, Production and Uses. (Ed. Ferree, D. C., Warrington, I. J.). Cambridge, MA, USA, CABI Publishing. 237-266.
7. Bergmann, W. (1992). Nutritional disorders of plants, development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, 741 p, New York.
8. Bindraban, P. S., Dimkpa, C., Nagarajan, L., Roy, A., Rabbing, R. (2015). Revisiting fertilisers and fertilisation strategies for improved nutrient uptake by plants. Biol Fertil Soils, 51: 897-911.

9. Camp, A. F., Fudge, B. R. (1945). Zinc as a nutrient in plant growth. Soil Sci., 60: 157-64.
10. FAO, (2019). Production, trade and producer price statistics, food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. http//faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx (Ziyaret tarihi: 18 Eylül 2019).
11. Güçdemir, İ. H. (2006). Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi. (Güncelleştirilmiş ve genişletilmiş 5. Baskı). Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 231, Ankara.
12. Hafeez, B., Khanif, Y. M., Saleem, M. (2013). Role of zinc in plant nutrition-A Review. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(2), 374-391. DOI: 10.9734/AJEA/2013/2746.
13. Herrera, E. A. (2001). Fertilization Programs for Apple Orchards. Guide H-319. Extension Horticulturist College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University.
14. Hoying, S., Fargione, M., Iungerman, K. (2004). Diagnosing apple tree nutritonal status, leaf analysis interpretation and defiency symptoms. New York Fruit Quarterly, 12(1), 16-19.
15. Johnson, R. S., Andris, H., Day, K., Bede, R. (2006). Using dormant shoots to determine the nutritional status of peach trees. Acta Hort., 721: 285-290. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.721.39.
16. Jones, J. R., Wolf, B., Mills, H. A. (1991). Plant Analysis Handbook. Micro Macro Publishing, Inc. US.
17. Kacar, B. (1995). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri III. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları. No: 3, Ankara.
18. Kalbası, M., Racz, G. J., Leven-Rudgers, L. A. (1978). Reaction products and solubility of applied zinc compounds in some Manitoba soils. Soil Science, 125(1), 55-64.
19. Leece, D. R., Gilmour, A. R. (1974). Diagnostic leaf analysis for stone fruit, 2. seasonal changes in the leaf composition of peach. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 14(71), 822-827.
20. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, 887 p, London.
21. Mitra, S. K. (2003). Apple, Temperate Fruits. (Ed. Mitra, S.K., Bose, T.K., Rathore, D.S.). Horticulture and Allied Publishers, 27/3, Chakraberia Lane, Calcutta 700 020, India, 1-122.
22. Neilsen, G. H., Neilsen, D. (1994). Tree Fruit Zinc Nutrition. Tree fruit nutrition (Ed. Peterson, A. B., Stevens, R. G.), Published by Good Friut Grower, Yakima, Washington.
23. Orphanos, P. I. (1982). Spray and Soil Application of Zinc to Apples. Journal of Horticultural Science, 57(3), 259-266.
24. Peryae, F., Willemsen, K. (2000). Nutrient Sprays. Washington State University Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center. Washington.
25. Peryea, F. J. (2006). Phytoavailability of zinc in postbloom zinc sprays applied to “Golden Delicious” apple trees. Hort Technology, 16(1), 60-65. DOI: 10.21273/HORTTECH.16.1.0060.
26. Peryea, F. J. (2007). Comparison of dormant and circum-bloom zinc spray programs for Washington apple orchards. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(1), 1903-1920. DOI: 10.1080/01904160701629112.
27. Rajaie, M., Ejraieb, A. K., Owliaiec, H. R., Tavakolid, A. R. (2009). Effect of zinc and boron interaction on growth and mineral composition of lemon seedlings in a calcareous soil. International Journal of Plant Production, 3(1), 39-50. DOI: 10.22069/IJPP.2012.630.
28. Righetti, T., Wilder, K., Stebbins, R., Burkhart, D., Hart, J. (1998). Nutrient Manegement, Apples. Oregon State University Extension Service, 1-4.
29. Rom, C. (1994). Tree Fruit Zinc Nutrition. Tree fruit nutrition (Ed. Peterson, A.B., Stevens, R.G.), Published by Good Friut Grower, 1-18 p. Yakima, Washington.
30. Rosen, C. J. (2005). Leaf Analysis as a Guide to Apple Orchard Fertilization. Minnesota Fruit and Vejetable, IPM NEWS, 2(7), 1-2.
31. Sadaghiani, M. H. R., Malakouti, M. J., Samar, S. M. (2002). The effectiveness of different application methods of zinc sulfate on nutritional conditions of apple in calcareous soils of Iran. 17th WCSS, 14-21 August 2002, Paper no, 2151, Thailand.
32. Saeed, M. (1977). Phosphate fertilization reduces zinc adsorption by calcareous soils. Plant and Soil, 48: 641-649.
33. Sanchez, E. E., Righetti, T. L. (2005). Effects of postharvest soil and foliar application of boron fertilizer on the partitioning of boron in apple trees. HortScience, 40(7), 2115-2117. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.40.7.2115.
34. Schupp, J. R., Cheng, L., Stiles, W. C., Stover, E., Iungerman, K. (2001). Mineral nutrition as a factor in cold tolerance of apple trees. New York Fruit Quarterly, 9(3), 9-12.
35. Sillanpaeae, M. (1990). Micronutrient assessment at the country level, an international study. FAO soils bulletin no,63. Land and Water Development Div., 214 p, Rome.
36. Stiles, W. C. (1994). Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Sulfur Soil Management. Tree Fruit Nutrition, Good Fruit Grower, 63-70 p, Yakima, Washington.
37. Stiles, W. C. (2004). Micronutrient management in apple orchards. New York Fruit Quarterly, 12(1), 5-8.
38. Swietlik, D. (2002). Zinc nutrition of fruit trees by foliar sprays. Acta Hortic., 594: 123-129. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.594.11.
39. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E. (2007). Bitki Fizyolojisi (Çeviri). Palme Yayıncılık. ISBN, 9944341615. 690 s.
40. TUIK (2019). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, http//www.tuik.gov.tr. (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2019).
41. Uçgun, K., Akgül, H. (2011). Gübreleme. (Ed. Akgül, H., Kaçal, E., Öztürk, F. P., Özongun, Ş., Atasay, A., Öztürk, G.). Elma kültürü. Eğirdir Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayın No: 37, 189-242 s, Isparta.
42. Uçgun, K., Gezgin, S. (2012). Isparta ilinde yoğun olarak elma yetiştirilen bölgelerin bazı toprak özellikleri. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 42-49.
43. Uçgun, K., Gezgin, S. (2013). Isparta ilinde bulunan elma bahçelerinin bitki besleme yönünden değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 59-65.
44. Uçgun, K., Gezgin, S., Akgül, H., Harmankaya, M., Atasay, A., Altındal, M., İlban, B., Cansu, M., Seymen, T. (2013). Elma ağaçlarında yaprak analizlerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan referans değerlerin Isparta bölgesi için kalibrasyonu. Derim, 30(2), 54-61.
45. Uçgun, K., Gezgin, S. (2017). Interpretation of leaf analysis performed in early vegetation in apple orchards. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 48(14), 1719-1925. DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2017.1383415.
46. Udo, E. J., Bohn, H. L., Tucker, T. C. (1970). Zinc adsorption by calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Sac. Am. J., 34: 405-410.
47. Wooldridge, J. J., Schutte, C. C. (2002). Effect of early-season zinc sprays on 'Golden Delicious' apple. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 19(3), 162-164. DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2002.10634458.