Araştırma Makalesi
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Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarının Yoksullukla İlgili Algılarının ve Kalıp Yargılarının İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, , 1779 - 1802, 30.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1389118

Öz

Toplumsallaşma sürecinde olan çocukların yoksulluk algısı, toplumun yoksulluğu nasıl gördüğünün göstergesi olabilir. Bu algının belirlenmesi, yoksullukla ilgili farklı yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Yoksullukla ilgili dikkat çeken bir diğer konu ise kalıp yargılardır. Kalıp yargılar, bir toplumsal grubun başka bir toplumsal grupla karşılaştırılmasına dayanan ve bir gruba özgü özelliklerin genelleştirilmesidir. Bu araştırmada okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının yoksullukla ilgili algılarının ve kalıp yargılarının ne olduğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın modeli, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması olarak desenlenmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri, beş yaş çocukların çizimleriyle ve onlarla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle elde edilmiştir. Veriler içerik analiziyle çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmaya göre çocukların yoksulluk algıları; mali durum, barınma ve sıhhi koşullar, sağlık ve yaşam alanı olmak üzere dört temada toplanmıştır. Çocukların yoksullukla ilgili kalıp yargıları ise “ekonomi, sağlık, fiziksel, cinsiyet ve kültürel etmenler odaklı kalıp yargılar” olarak açığa çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak erken yaşlardan itibaren çocukların yoksullukla ilgili hem algıya sahip oldukları hem de toplumsal kalıp yargıları öğrendikleri söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Agustin, M., Djoehaeni, H., & Gustiana, A. D. (2021, March). Stereotypes and Prejudices in Young Children. In 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020) (pp. 302-305). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.064
  • Ak, M. (2016). Toplumsal bir olgu olarak yoksulluk. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 296-306.
  • Aksan, G. (2012). Yoksulluk ve yoksulluk kültürünün toplumsal görünümleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (27), 9-19.
  • Amar, J. A., Llanos, R. A., González, M. M., Agamez, E. M., Peña, O. C., & Romero, F. A. C. (2015). Beliefs about poverty related to social categorization in childhood. Suma Psicológica, 22(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sumpsi.2015.05.002
  • Arslan, R., & Ayhan, E. E. (2017). Hanehalkı bireylerinin yoksulluk algısı üzerine bir araştırma: Bartın il örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 644-653.
  • Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior Vol. 34 In (pp. 39-89). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(06)80004-2
  • Bozan, M. (2017). Yoksulluk algısına farklı bir bakış. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(15), 389-410.
  • Chafel, J. A. (1997). Societal images of poverty: Child and adult beliefs. Youth & Society, 28(4), 432-463. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X97028004003
  • Chafel, J., & Neitzel, C. (2005). Young children’s ideas about the nature, causes, justification, and alleviation of poverty. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 20(3), 433–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.10.004
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods ppproaches. 4th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Cüceloğlu, D.(1997). İnsan ve davranışı. Remzi Kitabevi. İstanbul.
  • Doğan, E. M., & Tatlı, H. (2014). İnsani gelişme ve yoksulluk bağlamında Türkiye’nin dünyadaki yeri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 99-124.
  • Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current opinion in psychology, 18, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
  • Erdal, G., & Yavuz, H. (2013). Kırsal kesimde yoksulluk algısı: Tokat ili Zile ilçesi örneği. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, (8), 40-47.
  • Fox, J. E., & Schirrmacher, R. (2014). Art and creative development for young children. Cengage Learning. Gander, M. J., & Gardiner H. W.(2004). Child and adolescent development (Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi). B. Onur ve A. Dönmez (çev.). İmge Kitapevi.
  • Gorski, P. C. (2012). Perceiving the problem of poverty and schooling: Deconstructing the class stereotypes that mis-shape education practice and policy. Equity & Excellence in Education, 45(2), 302-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2012.666934
  • Gülay Ogelman, H. (2018). Okul öncesi dönemde akran ilişkileri. Eğiten Kitap.
  • Heberle, A. E., & Carter, A. S. (2020). Young children's stereotype endorsement about people in poverty: Age and economic status effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104605
  • Heberle, A. E., Kaplan-Levy, S. A., Neuspiel, J. M., & Carter, A. S. (2018). Young children's reasoning about the effects of poverty on people experiencing it: A qualitative thematic analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 86, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.036
  • Hakovirta, M., & Kallio, J. (2016). Children’s perceptions of poverty. Child Indicators Research, 9(2), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9315-5
  • Horwitz, S. R., Shutts, K., & Olson, K. R. (2014). Social class differences produce social group preferences. Developmental science, 17(6), 991-1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12181
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.109
  • İşyar, N. (2009). Çocuk romanlarımızda yoksulluk teması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 165-188.
  • Kim, S.J., Park, S. & An, S. (2018). “You Can’t be Rich Only Doing Good Deeds”: Bilingual Kindergarteners’ Discussions About Poverty and Wealth. International Journal of Early Childhood, 50, 101–119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0209-9
  • Kopczyska-Sikorska, J., & Szyszko, M. (2001). Poverty: Comparing perceptions and understandings among school and preschool aged children. International Journal of Early Childhood, 33(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03174444
  • Leahy, R. L. (1981). The development of the conception of economic inequality. I. Descriptions and comparisons of rich and poor people. Child Development, 52(2), 523-532. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129170
  • Lindqvist, A., Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2017) The perception of the poor: Capturing stereotype content with different measures. Nordic Psychology, 69(4), 231-247, https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1270774
  • Memiş, H. (2014). Küreselleşme ve yoksulluk ilişkisi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 5(1), 144-161.
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. (2nd Edition). SAGE Puplications.
  • Mistry, R. S., Nenadal, L., Griffin, K. M., Zimmerman, F. J., Cochran, H. A., Thomas, C. A., & Wilson, C. (2016). Children's reasoning about poverty, economic mobility, and helping behavior: Results of a curriculum intervention in the early school years. Journal of Social Issues, 72(4), 760-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12193
  • Mulvey, K. L., Hitti, A., & Killen, M. (2010). The development of stereotyping and exclusion. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(4), 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.66
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Quallitative research and evaluation methods. (Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri). M. Bütün S. B. Demir, ( Ç Ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Piaget, J. (2005). La representation du monde chez I’enfant. (Çocuğun gözüyle dünya). İ. Yerguz, (Çev.). Dost Kitapevi Yayınları. (1947).
  • Ramsey, P. (1991). Young children’s awareness and understanding of social class difference. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 152(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1991.9914679
  • Ryan, S., & Grieshaber, S. (2004). It’s more than just child development: Critical theories, research, and teaching young children. Young Children, 59(6), 44–52.
  • Sigelman, C. K. (2012). Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and perceptions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,113(3), 415-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.011
  • Tafere, Y. (2012). Children's experiences and perceptions of poverty in Ethiopia. Young Lives. ISBN: 978-1-904427-97-1
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi. (2011). Türkçe bilim terimleri sözlüğü: Sosyal bilimler. TÜBA.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2023, Mayıs). Yoksulluk ve yaşam koşulları istatistikleri, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yoksulluk-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Istatistikleri-2022- 49746#:~:text=Toplumun%20genel%20d%C3%BCzeyine%20g%C3%B6re%20belirli,kalarak%20%14%2C4%20oldu.
  • Vandebroeck, D. (2021). Making sense of the social, making the ‘Social Sense’: The development of children’s perception and judgement of social class. Sociology, 55(4), 696-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520977803
  • Weinger, S. (1998). Poor children know their place: perceptions of poverty, class and public message. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 25(2), 100–117. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.2490
  • Weinger, S. (2000). Economic status: middle class and poor children’s views. Children & Society, 14(2), 135– 146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2000.tb00161.x
  • Witter, S., & Bukokhe, J. (2004). Children's perceptions of poverty, participation, and local governance in Uganda. Development in Practice, 14(5), 645-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452042000239797
  • Woods, T. A., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2005). The development of stereotypes about the rich and poor: Age, race, and family income differences in beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7261-0
  • Uyan-Semerci, P. (2010). İnsan hakları ihlali olarak yoksulluk. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-399-142-7
  • Yang, X., & Dunham, Y. (2021). Emerging complexity in children's conceptualization of the wealthy and the poor. Developmental Science, 25(4), https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13225
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Qualitative research methods in social sciences (Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri). Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Zhang, X., Yan, R., Sun, S., & Zuo, B. (2021). Facial expression stereotypes of rich and poor adults and children. Cognitive Processing, 22, 649–657, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01040-7

An Investigation into the Perceptions and Stereotypical Beliefs of Preschool-Age Children Regarding Poverty

Yıl 2024, , 1779 - 1802, 30.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1389118

Öz

The perception of poverty among children in the process of socialization can be indicative of how society perceives poverty. Identifying this perception is crucial for developing different approaches to address poverty. Stereotypes related to poverty are another important aspect that draws attention. Stereotypes involve generalizing specific characteristics of one social group based on comparisons with another group. This study aims to determine preschool children's perceptions and stereotypes regarding poverty. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing a case study design. Data was collected through drawings and semi-structured interviews with five-year-old children. Content analysis was employed for data analysis. The research findings revealed that children's perceptions of poverty can be grouped under four themes: financial situation, housing and sanitary conditions, health, and living spaces. Children's stereotypes about poverty emerged as "economic, health, physical, gender, and cultural-oriented stereotypes." In conclusion, it can be stated that children develop both perceptions of poverty and societal stereotypes related to poverty from an early age.

Kaynakça

  • Agustin, M., Djoehaeni, H., & Gustiana, A. D. (2021, March). Stereotypes and Prejudices in Young Children. In 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020) (pp. 302-305). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.064
  • Ak, M. (2016). Toplumsal bir olgu olarak yoksulluk. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 296-306.
  • Aksan, G. (2012). Yoksulluk ve yoksulluk kültürünün toplumsal görünümleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (27), 9-19.
  • Amar, J. A., Llanos, R. A., González, M. M., Agamez, E. M., Peña, O. C., & Romero, F. A. C. (2015). Beliefs about poverty related to social categorization in childhood. Suma Psicológica, 22(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sumpsi.2015.05.002
  • Arslan, R., & Ayhan, E. E. (2017). Hanehalkı bireylerinin yoksulluk algısı üzerine bir araştırma: Bartın il örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 644-653.
  • Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior Vol. 34 In (pp. 39-89). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(06)80004-2
  • Bozan, M. (2017). Yoksulluk algısına farklı bir bakış. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(15), 389-410.
  • Chafel, J. A. (1997). Societal images of poverty: Child and adult beliefs. Youth & Society, 28(4), 432-463. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X97028004003
  • Chafel, J., & Neitzel, C. (2005). Young children’s ideas about the nature, causes, justification, and alleviation of poverty. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 20(3), 433–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.10.004
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods ppproaches. 4th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Cüceloğlu, D.(1997). İnsan ve davranışı. Remzi Kitabevi. İstanbul.
  • Doğan, E. M., & Tatlı, H. (2014). İnsani gelişme ve yoksulluk bağlamında Türkiye’nin dünyadaki yeri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 99-124.
  • Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current opinion in psychology, 18, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
  • Erdal, G., & Yavuz, H. (2013). Kırsal kesimde yoksulluk algısı: Tokat ili Zile ilçesi örneği. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, (8), 40-47.
  • Fox, J. E., & Schirrmacher, R. (2014). Art and creative development for young children. Cengage Learning. Gander, M. J., & Gardiner H. W.(2004). Child and adolescent development (Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi). B. Onur ve A. Dönmez (çev.). İmge Kitapevi.
  • Gorski, P. C. (2012). Perceiving the problem of poverty and schooling: Deconstructing the class stereotypes that mis-shape education practice and policy. Equity & Excellence in Education, 45(2), 302-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2012.666934
  • Gülay Ogelman, H. (2018). Okul öncesi dönemde akran ilişkileri. Eğiten Kitap.
  • Heberle, A. E., & Carter, A. S. (2020). Young children's stereotype endorsement about people in poverty: Age and economic status effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104605
  • Heberle, A. E., Kaplan-Levy, S. A., Neuspiel, J. M., & Carter, A. S. (2018). Young children's reasoning about the effects of poverty on people experiencing it: A qualitative thematic analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 86, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.036
  • Hakovirta, M., & Kallio, J. (2016). Children’s perceptions of poverty. Child Indicators Research, 9(2), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9315-5
  • Horwitz, S. R., Shutts, K., & Olson, K. R. (2014). Social class differences produce social group preferences. Developmental science, 17(6), 991-1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12181
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.109
  • İşyar, N. (2009). Çocuk romanlarımızda yoksulluk teması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 165-188.
  • Kim, S.J., Park, S. & An, S. (2018). “You Can’t be Rich Only Doing Good Deeds”: Bilingual Kindergarteners’ Discussions About Poverty and Wealth. International Journal of Early Childhood, 50, 101–119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0209-9
  • Kopczyska-Sikorska, J., & Szyszko, M. (2001). Poverty: Comparing perceptions and understandings among school and preschool aged children. International Journal of Early Childhood, 33(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03174444
  • Leahy, R. L. (1981). The development of the conception of economic inequality. I. Descriptions and comparisons of rich and poor people. Child Development, 52(2), 523-532. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129170
  • Lindqvist, A., Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2017) The perception of the poor: Capturing stereotype content with different measures. Nordic Psychology, 69(4), 231-247, https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1270774
  • Memiş, H. (2014). Küreselleşme ve yoksulluk ilişkisi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 5(1), 144-161.
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. (2nd Edition). SAGE Puplications.
  • Mistry, R. S., Nenadal, L., Griffin, K. M., Zimmerman, F. J., Cochran, H. A., Thomas, C. A., & Wilson, C. (2016). Children's reasoning about poverty, economic mobility, and helping behavior: Results of a curriculum intervention in the early school years. Journal of Social Issues, 72(4), 760-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12193
  • Mulvey, K. L., Hitti, A., & Killen, M. (2010). The development of stereotyping and exclusion. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(4), 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.66
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Quallitative research and evaluation methods. (Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri). M. Bütün S. B. Demir, ( Ç Ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Piaget, J. (2005). La representation du monde chez I’enfant. (Çocuğun gözüyle dünya). İ. Yerguz, (Çev.). Dost Kitapevi Yayınları. (1947).
  • Ramsey, P. (1991). Young children’s awareness and understanding of social class difference. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 152(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1991.9914679
  • Ryan, S., & Grieshaber, S. (2004). It’s more than just child development: Critical theories, research, and teaching young children. Young Children, 59(6), 44–52.
  • Sigelman, C. K. (2012). Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and perceptions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,113(3), 415-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.011
  • Tafere, Y. (2012). Children's experiences and perceptions of poverty in Ethiopia. Young Lives. ISBN: 978-1-904427-97-1
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi. (2011). Türkçe bilim terimleri sözlüğü: Sosyal bilimler. TÜBA.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2023, Mayıs). Yoksulluk ve yaşam koşulları istatistikleri, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yoksulluk-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Istatistikleri-2022- 49746#:~:text=Toplumun%20genel%20d%C3%BCzeyine%20g%C3%B6re%20belirli,kalarak%20%14%2C4%20oldu.
  • Vandebroeck, D. (2021). Making sense of the social, making the ‘Social Sense’: The development of children’s perception and judgement of social class. Sociology, 55(4), 696-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520977803
  • Weinger, S. (1998). Poor children know their place: perceptions of poverty, class and public message. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 25(2), 100–117. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.2490
  • Weinger, S. (2000). Economic status: middle class and poor children’s views. Children & Society, 14(2), 135– 146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2000.tb00161.x
  • Witter, S., & Bukokhe, J. (2004). Children's perceptions of poverty, participation, and local governance in Uganda. Development in Practice, 14(5), 645-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452042000239797
  • Woods, T. A., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2005). The development of stereotypes about the rich and poor: Age, race, and family income differences in beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7261-0
  • Uyan-Semerci, P. (2010). İnsan hakları ihlali olarak yoksulluk. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-399-142-7
  • Yang, X., & Dunham, Y. (2021). Emerging complexity in children's conceptualization of the wealthy and the poor. Developmental Science, 25(4), https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13225
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Qualitative research methods in social sciences (Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri). Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Zhang, X., Yan, R., Sun, S., & Zuo, B. (2021). Facial expression stereotypes of rich and poor adults and children. Cognitive Processing, 22, 649–657, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01040-7
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Okul Öncesi Eğitim, Temel Eğitim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gülseren Erhan 0000-0002-5655-039X

Seda Şahin 0000-0002-4034-7864

Gülşah Doğanay 0000-0002-7456-8788

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 11 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Erhan, G., Şahin, S., & Doğanay, G. (2024). An Investigation into the Perceptions and Stereotypical Beliefs of Preschool-Age Children Regarding Poverty. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(41), 1779-1802. https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1389118