KUDÜS’TE KUTSALIN SİYASALLAŞMASI VE ÇATIŞMANIN MEKANLARI: HAREM-İ ŞERİF VE AĞLAMA DUVARI

Öz

Etnisite ve inancın birleşmesinden doğan dini-milliyetçilik, Filistinli ve İsrailli kimliğinin özünü teşkil etmekte, Kudüs’teki Harem-i Şerif ve Ağlama Duvarı başta olmak üzere, kutsal alanlar bu kimliklerin sembol mekanları olarak değer taşımaktadır. Siyonist hareket, 1920’li yıllardan itibaren Harem-i Şerif alanının bir parçası olan Ağlama Duvarı’nı Yahudi kimliğinin yeniden inşası için araçsallaştırmış, bu alanı Kudüs’teki Yahudi varlığını simgeleyen dini-ulusal nitelikli, temsili bir mekâna dönüştürmek için çaba sarf etmiştir. Yine aynı yıllarda Harem-i Şerif, Kudüs Başmüftüsü Hacı Emin el-Hüseyni’nin liderliğinde Filistin meselesinin merkezine yerleştirilerek Arap milliyetçiliğinin katalizörü haline getirilmiştir. 1920’li yıllardan itibaren Filistinli Araplar ve Siyonist Yahudiler arasındaki mücadele Ağlama Duvarı merkezli iken, 1967 yılında Kudüs’ün işgaliyle birlikte bu merkez Harem-i Şerif’e kayacaktır. 1987’de başlayan Birinci İntifada, 2000 yılındaki İkinci İntifada ve nihayet 7 Ekim 2023’teki Aksa Tufanı ve İsrail’in Gazze’ye yönelik soykırıma varan saldırıları başta olmak üzere pek çok çatışmada Harem-i Şerif alanı bir sembol mekân olarak olayların daima çıkış ve noktasıdır. Bu çalışmada, Kudüs'teki Harem-i Şerif alanının ve Ağlama Duvarının Filistin-İsrail çatışmasındaki katalizör etkisi tarihsel, dinsel ve teopolitik dinamikler üzerinden değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada Osmanlı ve İngiliz arşiv belgeleri, döneme ait fotoğraf ve kent planlarına başvurulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İsrail-Filistin Sorunu
• Kudüs
• Harem-i Şerif
• Ağlama Duvarı
• Siyonizm

Proje Numarası

220K016

THE POLITICISATION OF THE SACRED AND SITES OF CONFLICT IN JERUSALEM: HARAM AL SHARIF AND THE WAILING WALL

Öz

The concept of religious nationalism, which combines elements of ethnicity and faith, serves as a foundational element in the formation of Palestinian and Israeli identity. The Haram al-Sharif and the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem, being sites of significant religious and cultural importance, are of particular symbolic value in the expression of these national identities.Since the 1920s, the Zionist movement has utilised the Wailing Wall, which is situated within the Haram al-Sharif area, as a pivotal element in the reconstruction of Jewish identity. Significant endeavours have been made to transform this place into an iconic religious-national space, serving as a symbol of the Jewish presence in Jerusalem. Likewise, in the same years, the Haram al-Sharif was placed at the centre of the Palestinian issue under the leadership of Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and became a catalyst for Arab nationalism. The primary focus of the ongoing conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Zionist Jews has been on the Wailing Wall. However, following the occupation of Jerusalem in 1967, this focus shifted to the Haram al-Sharif. In numerous conflicts, notably the First Intifada which commenced in 1987, the Second Intifada in 2000, and most recently the Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023, the Haram al-Sharif area has consistently functioned as the origin and nexus of the events. The present study draws upon a range of primary sources, including Ottoman and British archival documents, photographs, and urban plans from the period in question.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Israel-Palestine Conflict
• Jerusalem
• Haram al-Sharif
• Wailing Wall
• Zionism

Proje Numarası

220K016

Kaynakça

1. Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn Sicillatı Mühimme Defterleri, (A.DVNS.MHM.d.), 64/538, H. 15 Safer 997/M. 3 Ocak 1589.
2. Hâriciye Nezâreti Siyasi Kalemi (HR.SYS), 1526/9, H. 27 Rebi’ü’l-evvel 1297/M. 09 Mart 1880.
3. Ma’ârif Nezâret-i Mektûbî Kalemi (MF.MKT), 34/46, H. 18 Safer 1293/M. 15 Mart 1876
4. MF.MKT, 38/74, H. 4 Cemâziye’l-âhir 1293/M. 27 Haziran 1876
5. MF.MKT, 56/108, H. 25 Cemâziye’l-evvel 1295/M. 27 Mayıs 1878
6. MF.MKT, 58/76, H. 23 Zi’l-kâ’de 1295/M. 18 Kasım 1878
7. Colonial Office (C.O.) 733-282/2, Aralık 1930. 733-160/19, Temmuz-Ağustos 1929.
8. Avcı, Yasemin (2006), “Siyon’dan Siyonizm’e: Politik Bir İdeolojinin Dini Temelleri ve Fikirsel Gelişim.” Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/3, 43-58.

9. Avcı, Yasemin ve Yunus Emre Akyol (2022), “Kudüs Ağlama Duvarı: İdeolojinin Yarattığı İbadetgâh”, Prof. Dr. M. Mehdi İlhan Anısına Tarihe Adanan Bir Ömür, Mehmet Doğan ve Kâmil Çolak. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 183-201.
10. Baktemur, Hatice Kübra (2020), “Modern Dönem Yahudilikte Süleyman Mabedi’ni Yeniden İnşa Girişimi: III. Mabet Hareketi'nin Doğuşu.” Oksident 2/2, 221-257.
11. Bartal, Israel (1981), “Old Yishuv and New Yishuv: Image and Reality.” Jerusalem Cathedra, 1, 215–231.
12. Berkovitz, Shmuel (2001), The Temple Mount and the Western Wall Israeli Law. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.
13. Bunis, David M. (2011), “Judezmo: The Jewish Language of the Ottoman Sephardim.” European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe: The State of Ladino Studies II 44/1, 22-35.
14. Cohen, Hilel (2017), "The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa in Zionist and Palestinian National Consciousness." Israel Studies Review, special Issue: Changing Perspectives on the Temple Mount 32/1, 1-19.
15. Dumper, Michael (2002), The Politics of Sacred Space: The Old City of Jerusalem in the Middle East Conflict. Boulder, Colo: Lynne-Rienner Publishers.
16. Freas, Erik (2017), Nationalism and the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount: The Exclusivity of Holiness. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
17. Freedman, Robert O. (2010), “Can the Conflict over the Temple Mount/Haram Be Solved?” Israel Studies Forum 25/1, 73-87.
18. Friedland, Roger (2001), "Religious Nationalism and the Problem of Collective Representation." Annual Review of Sociology 27/1, 125-152.
19. Güneş, Hasan Hüseyin (2015), “Kudüs’te Bir Vakıf Mahalle: Sekiz Yüz Yıllık Meğaribe Mahallesi ve Serencamı.” Vakıflar Dergisi 44, 9-35.
20. Harem-i Şerîf-i Kudsî Hakkında Filistin Meclis-i Âlâ-yı Şer’î-yi İslamîsinin Âlem-i İslâma Beyânnâmesi. (H. 1341) İstanbul, Dersaadet Matbaası
21. His Majesty's Stationery Office. Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem, London, 1931.
22. Jacobson, Abigail (2003), “Sephardim, Ashkenazim and the ‘Arab Question’ in Pre-First World War Palestine: A Reading of Three Zionist Newspapers.” Middle Eastern Studies 39/2, 105-130.
23. Kaniel, Yehoshua (1981), “The Terms Old Yishuv and New Yishuv.” The Jerusalem Cathedra 1, 232-245.
24. Katz, Yossi (1998), "The Marginal Role of Jerusalem in Zionist Settlement Activity Prior to the Founding of the State of Israel." Middle Eastern Studies 34/3, 121-145.
25. Kouts, Gideon (1974), "Zionism: the Word and Its Meaning", Encyclopedia of Judaica, 16, Thomson Gale Yayınları, 539-626.
26. Kramer, Gudrun (2016), Filistin Tarihi: Osmanlı Fethinden İsrail Devleti'nin Kuruluşuna. İstanbul: Verita Yayınları.
27. Khalidi, Rashid (1997), Palestinian Identity: The Construction of a Modern National Consciousness, New York: Columbia University Press.
28. Laskier, Michael M. (1992), “The Sephardim and the Yishuv in Palestine: The Role of Avraham Albert Antebi: 1897-1916.” Shofar, Special Issue: Sephardi Jewry Before and After 1492: A contribution to the Quincentennial Anniversary of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain 10/3, 113-126.
29. Loewenberg, F. M. (2013), “Where Jerusalem Jews Worship: Tracing the changing location of the ‘holiest’ site in Judaism." Hakirah 16, 213-231.
30. Loewenberg, Frank M. (2017), “Is the Western Wall Judaism’s Holiest Site?” Middle East Quarterly 24/4, 1-9.
31. Lundsten, Mary Ellen (1978), "Wall Politics: Zionist and Palestinian Strategies in Jerusalem, 1928." Journal of Palestine Studies 8/1, 3-27.
32. Pappe, Ilan (2003), “Haj Amin and the Buraq Revolt.” Jerusalem Quarterly 18, 6-16.
33. Rieffer, B.A.J. (2003), “Religion and Nationalism: Understanding the Consequences of a Complex Relationship.” Ethnicities 3/2, 215-242.
34. Ricca, Simone (2005), “Heritage, Nationalism and the Shifting Symbolism of the Wailing Wall.” Jerusalem Quarterly, Salim Tamari -Issam Nassar. Institute for Palestine Studies 24, Washington D.C. Roberts, Nicholas E. (2017), Islam Under the Palestine Mandate: Colonialism and the Supreme Muslim Council. London-New York: I.B. Tauris.
35. Saposnik, Arieh B. (2015), “Wailing Walls and Iron Walls: The Western Wall as Sacred Symbol in Zionist National Iconography.” Oxford University Press 120/5, 1653-1681.
36. Schölch, Alexander (1989), “Jerusalem in the 19th Century (1831-1917).” Jerusalem in History, 228-248.
37. Smith, Anthony (1981), The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Smith, Charles D. (2004), Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Bedford: St. Martin's.
39. Tanyu, Hikmet (2002), “Ağlama Duvarı”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 1, İstanbul, 474-475.
40. The White House (2020), “Peace to Prosperity: A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People.” U.S.A.
41. Tevrat; Tora, Neviim, Ketuvim. İstanbul: Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2011.
42. Turgut, Ceren A. (2015), “Ortadoğu ve Filistin (1920-1949).” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
43. Wallach, Yair (2016), “Jerusalem Between Segregation and Integration: Reading Urban Space through the Eyes of Justice Gad Frumkin.” Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East, S.R. Goldstein-Sabbah and H.L. Murre-van den Berg. London: Brill.
44. Zaida, S. Abu (2007), “A Miserable Provincial Town’: The Zionist Approach to Jerusalem from 1897-1937.” Jerusalem Quarterly 32, 70-87.
45. Wikimedia. “Megaribe Mahallesi” Son güncelleme 20 Haziran, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jerusalem,_1917.JPG
46. Gettyimages. “Megaribe Mahallesinin Yıkımı (1967)”, Son güncelleme 20 Haziran, 2024. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/after-winning-the-six-day-war-and-capturing-the-old-city-of-news-photo/530701156?adppopup=true