BOZKIR KÜLTÜR TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARINDA ARZHAN 1 KURGANI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 111 - 128, 31.12.2024

Mazhar Narşap

https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1501388

Öz

Toplumlar, yaşadıkları coğrafyanın koşullarına uygun bir yaşam tarzı benimseyerek kültürlerini oluşturmuşlardır. Ormanlarda yaşayanlar, asalak kültürü; tarıma uygun yerlerde yaşayanlar, yerleşik kültürü; hayvancılığa elverişli yerlerde yaşayanlar ise göçebe kültürü meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu kültürlerin yanı sıra Avrasya coğrafyasında yaşayan bozkır kavimleri, o coğrafyanın şartları neticesinde kendilerine has olan konargöçer kültürü ortaya çıkarmışlardır. Bu konargöçer kültürdeki göçebelik, yaylak ve kışlak arasında, boy beyinin idaresinde, ilkbahar ve sonbahar mevsimlerinde yapılan sistemli bir göç hareketidir. Yaşadıkları coğrafyanın şartlarından dolayı konargöçer yaşam tarzını benimsemiş olan bozkır kavimlerinin tarih ve kültürlerine dair yapılan araştırmalarda sözlü, yazılı ve arkeolojik kaynaklar kullanılmaktadır. Bozkır kavimlerine dair arkeolojik kaynakların başında kurganlar gelmektedir. Yığma tepe mezar olan kurganların içi bozkır insanının gündelik hayatındaki evi olan çadırın düzeni gibi tasarlandığı için kurganlarda yapılan kazılarda bozkır insanının kültürünün ana katmanlarını oluşturan sosyal, askerî, dinî ve ekonomik hayatı hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlayacak pek çok kalıntı ve buluntu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Söz konusu kurganlardan biri de Arzhan 1’dir. Tuva bölgesinde yer alan Arzhan 1 kurganı hırsızlar tarafından büyük bir tahribata uğramış olsa da bozkır kültür tarihine dair önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Arzhan 1 kurganında yapılan kazı sonucunda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilerek bozkır kültür tarihi açısından incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bozkır, konargöçer, kurgan, Arzhan 1, kültür.

Tomb Of Arzhan 1 In Bozkır Cultural Hıstory Research

Öz

Important information on the cultural history of the Steppe tribes can be obtained both from their own sources and from the written sources of other tribes with which they interacted. The main information about the cultural history of the steppe tribes is obtained from archaeological sources. At the beginning of archaeological sources are the graves of the steppe people. These graves are called tomb. Since the steppe tribes lived in a wide area from the Great Wall of China to the Danube River, their tombs are also located in a wide geography. One of these tombs is Arzhan 1 tomb. Arzhan 1 tomb is located in the Uyuk River valley, which is rich in pastures and used as a wintering place by steppe tribes that do not keep much snow in winter. There are many tombs belonging to steppe tribes in the Uyuk River valley between Arzhan and Tarlyk villages. One of these tombs, Arzhan 1 tomb, is the largest tomb in the region with a diameter of 120 m and a height of 3-4 m. M.P. Griyaznov, who started excavation works in the tomb in 1971, completed his works in 1974. The remains and finds unearthed as a result of the excavations of the excavator, who determined that the tomb had been destroyed from the first time it was formed, provide important data on the cultural history of the steppe tribes. Although it is not clear due to the deterioration of the wooden structure, 70 wooden burial chambers were identified in the Arzhan 1 tomb. Among these chambers, the centre chamber numbered 1 is the most important one. Because the king and queen and eight other people who are thought to be their entourage were buried in this chamber. There are also horses belonging to the king in the eastern part of the room. Horses were buried in the rooms numbered 2,3,5,10,17,20,26,34,37. In rooms 13 and 31, it was determined that both human and horse were buried. In room 9 only human was buried. Apart from these rooms, the other rooms in the tomb were not used and left empty. During the excavations in the tomb, in addition to horse and human burials in various wooden burial chambers, remains and finds that will provide important data on the history of steppe culture such as pieces of clothing, pieces of horse harness, pieces of clothing ornaments, arrowheads, etc. were found. The Arzhan 1 tomb has attracted the attention of researchers since the first year of excavation and various studies have been carried out on the tomb. One of the studies is related to the dating of the tomb. As the tomb was dated to the VIII-VII centuries BC, the wooden logs in the tomb were examined by E.A. Vaganov at the Institute of Physics, and L.V. Kirensky concluded that the logs were cut in August-September and used immediately after cutting as a result of microphotometric analysis of the logs. Based on these studies, it can be said that the burial ceremony in the Arzhan 1 tomb was held in September. As a result of these two studies, it is compatible with the funeral burial calendars of the steppe tribes that the tomb was built in autumn. In the steppe geography, the construction of the grave begins after finding a suitable place for a deceased person to be buried. Considering the difficult excavation of the soil and the conditions of the geography, the construction of the tomb takes a long time. For this reason, there is a time interval between the date of death and the date of burial. It is stated in the sources that people who died in spring and summer in the steppe geography were buried in autumn, and those who died in autumn and winter were buried in spring. For this reason, studies on the logs play a role in determining the date when the tomb was built, as well as confirming the information contained in written sources. The Arzhan 1 tomb also proves the existence of a strong culture formed by the social, religious, military and economic sub-layers of the steppe tribes since the earliest periods of history, and shows that there is a cultural continuity with the remains and finds from other tombs in the steppe geography.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Steppe, Culture, Kurgan, Social Life

Kaynakça

• Belli Oktay “Eski Çağ ve Orta Çağ’da Türkler’de Kurgan Yapma Geleneği” Türkler III. Cilt 2002 sf:927-931.
• Bendrey, R., Cassidy, J. P., Bokovenko, N., Lepetz, S., & Zaitseva, G. I. A possible case of ‘poll‐evil’in an early Scythian horse skull from Arzhan 1, Tuva Republic, Central Asia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 21(1), 2011, s.111-118.
• Cihan Cihat, “Türklerde Erkeklerin Kulağa Halka veya Küpe Takma Adeti", Dede Korkut’un İzinde 30 Yıl Prof. Dr. Üçler Bulduk’a Armağan, Gece Kitaplığı, Ankara, 2017.