Generalization of Participation in Physical Activity from Physical Education to Recess in Two Elementary School Classes

Abstract

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the generalization of participation in parkour from physical education to parkour recess in two different elementary school classes taught by the same teacher. One class of 2nd grade (n = 19) and one class of 3rd grade (n= 26) elementary school children were taught a seven-lesson parkour unit during physical education. The teacher and the children were new to parkour, and the teacher taught each lesson first to the second-grade class followed by the third-grade class. The voluntary participation and MVPA of children from both classes in six parkour recess sessions connected with seven physical education lessons were recorded. In physical education, MVPA, lesson context, and teacher’s physical activity promotion in both classes were investigated. Results indicated that more time was spent in management in grade 2 (50%) compared to grade 3 (45%). In grade 3, children had more skill practice and achieved more MVPA compared to second graders during physical education (38% versus 35%, p<.001). There was more in class physical activity promotion in third grade (15%) compared to second grade (7%). More children from 3rd grade participated in parkour recess (74%) compared to children from 2nd grade (43%, p=0.001), although both groups achieved similar mean MVPA levels (70%). The generalization of participation in parkour from physical education to recess varied between classes taught by the same teacher. This might be the result of teaching the content to two classes, which enabled the teacher to adapt the content and refine teaching strategies.

Keywords

• Transfer
• parkour
• MVPA
• comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP)

References

1. Bailey, R., Hillman, C., Arent, S., & Petitpas, A. (2013). Physical activity: an underestimated investment in human capital?. Journal of physical activity and health, 10(3), 289-308.
2. Barnett, L. M., van Beurden, E., Zask, A., Brooks, L. O., & Dietrich, U. C. (2002). How active are rural children in Australian physical education?. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 5(3), 253-265.
3. Carson, R., & Webster, C. A. (Eds.). (2019). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Putting evidence-based research into practice. Human Kinetics Publishers.
4. Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2021). Generalization from physical education to recess during an elementary sport education season. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(3), 492-501.
5. Cho, K., Tsuda, E., Ward, P., & Chey, W. S. (2023). Developing Adaptive Planning Skills by Preservice Physical Education Teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 1(aop), 1-8.
6. Coolkens, R., Van Oost, J., Vanhole, N., & Iserbyt, P. (2018a). Parkour Primitives: Praktijkboek. Gompel & Svacina.
7. Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018b). The effect of organized versus supervised recess on elementary school children’s participation, physical activity, play, and social behavior: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(10), 747-754.
8. Coolkens, R., Ward, P., Seghers, J., & Iserbyt, P. (2018c). Effects of generalization of engagement in parkour from physical education to recess on physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(4), 429-439. Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis.

9. Elliot, E., Erwin, H., Hall, T., & Heidorn, B. (2013). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: Helping all students achieve 60 minutes of physical activity each day. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 84(9), 9.
10. De Meester, A., Aelterman, N., Cardon, G., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Haerens, L. (2014). Extracurricular school-based sports as a motivating vehicle for sports participation in youth: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, 1-15.
11. Drijvers, H., Seghers, J., van der Mars, H., & Iserbyt, P. (2022). Student participation in physical activity recess programs in secondary schools. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 6(4), 212-224.
12. Fairclough, S. J., & Stratton, G. (2006). A review of physical activity levels during elementary school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25(2), 240-258.
13. Farooq, M. A., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Reilly, J. K., Hughes, A. R., ... & Reilly, J. J. (2018). Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(15), 1002-1006.
14. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
15. Green, K. (2016, April). Can physical education be effective and, if so, how. In Consensus Conference on Children, Youth and Physical Activity, Copenhagen, Denmark.
16. Kulinna, P. H., Martin, J., Lai, Q., Kliber, A., & Reed, B. (2003). Student physical activity patterns: Grade, gender, and activity influences. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 22(3), 298-310.
17. Hollis, J. L., Williams, A. J., Sutherland, R., Campbell, E., Nathan, N., Wolfenden, L., ... & Wiggers, J. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Preventive Medicine, 86, 34-54.
18. How much of physical activity is recommended? World Health Organization Website. Accessed October 10, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.
19. Iserbyt, P., & Madou, T. (2022). The effect of content knowledge and repeated teaching on teaching and learning basic life support: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Acta Cardiologica, 77(7), 616-625.
20. Iserbyt, P., van der Mars, H., Drijvers, H., & Seghers, J. (2022). Generalization of Participation in Fitness Activities From Physical Education to Lunch Recess by Gender and Skill Level. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42(1), 34-43.
21. Levin, S., McKenzie, T. L., Hussey, J. R., Kelder, S. H., & Lytle, L. A. (2001). Variability of physical activity during physical education lessons across elementary school Grades. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5(4), 207-218.
22. McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., & Nader, P. R. (1992). SOFIT: System for observing fitness instruction time. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11(2), 195-205.
23. McKenzie, T. L., & Smith, N. J. (2017). Studies of physical education in the United States using SOFIT: A review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(4), 492-502.
24. Müller, U. M., Walther, C., Adams, V., Mende, M., Adam, J., Fikenzer, K., ... & Schuler, G. (2016). Long term impact of one daily unit of physical exercise at school on cardiovascular risk factors in school children. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 23(13), 1444-1452.
25. Pulling Kuhn, A., Stoepker, P., Dauenhauer, B., & Carson, R. L. (2021). A systematic review of multi-component comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) interventions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 35(8), 1129-1149.
26. Rowe, P. J., Schuldheisz, J. M., & Van Der Mars, H. (1997). Validation of SOFIT for measuring physical activity of first-to eighth-Grade students. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(2), 136-149.
27. Schwamberger, B., & Sinelnikov, O. (2015). Connecting physical education to out-of-school physical activity through sport education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 86(9), 39-44.
28. Smith, N. J., McKenzie, T. L., & Hammons, A. J. (2018). International studies of physical education using SOFIT: A review. Advances in Physical Education, 9(1), 53-74.
29. Stratton, G., & Mullan, E. (2005). The effect of multicolor playground markings on children's physical activity level during recess. Preventive Medicine, 41(5-6), 828-833.
30. Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., ... & Trudeau, F. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732-737.
31. Telama, R. (2009). Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a review. Obesity Facts, 2(3), 187-195.
32. Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Seghers, J., Ward, P., Iserbyt, P. (2021). Physical Education Teachers’ Promotion of Physical Activity during a Parkour unit in elementary schools. Presented at the VBSW Symposium, Brussels (online), 10 Dec 2021-10 Dec 2021.
33. Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Seghers, J., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023a). Participation and physical activity in organized recess tied to physical education in elementary schools: An interventional study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 35, 102355.
34. Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Coolkens, R., Roure, C., Ward, P., & Iserbyt, P. (2023b). Using Parkour to Step Up Your Elementary School Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(6), 37-42.
35. Vanluyten, K., Cheng, S., Roure, C., Ward, P., Iserbyt, P. (2023c). Teacher's Physical Activity Promotion and Children's Physical Activity in Relation with Voluntary Participation in Invasion Games Recess. Presented at the AIESEP, Santiago de Chile, 04 Jul 2023-07 Jul 2023.
36. Verstraete, S. J., Cardon, G. M., De Clercq, D. L., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. M. (2007). A comprehensive physical activity promotion programme at elementary school: the effects on physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of physical activity. Public Health Nutrition, 10(5), 477-484.
37. Wijtzes, A. I., Verloigne, M., Mouton, A., Cloes, M., De Ridder, K. A., Cardon, G., & Seghers, J. (2016). Results from Belgium’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S95-S103.
38. Xie, X., Ward, P., Oh, D., Li, Y., Atkinson, O., Cho, K., & Kim, M. (2020). Preservice physical education teacher’s development of adaptive competence. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 40(4), 538-546.
39. Xie, X., Ward, P., Chey, W. S., Dillon, L., Trainer, S., & Cho, K. (2021). Developing preservice teachers’ adaptive competence using repeated rehearsals, opportunities to reflect, and lesson plan modifications. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(4), 553-561.