The Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport Parents: The Validation Study of Turkish Culture

Öz

Abstract: The aim of this research was to adapt The Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport Parents (SIQS-P), which was introduced to the literature by Sutcliffe et al. (2023), into Turkish culture. The translation of the scale into Turkish was carried out after obtaining the necessary permissions from the first author of the original study. A team of five experts (two sports scientists and three English linguists) participated in the translation process. A total of 475 sport parents, 192 male and 283 female, participated in the research. The participants aged from 37 to 63 (M=44.31, SD=5.34) years. Statistical package program was used to analyze the data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was preferred for the construct validity of the scale. EFA findings identified a nine-item and three-factors model, as in the original form of the scale. To check the model determined by AFA, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized and CFA confirmed the model. Internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest and split half methods were applied for checking the reliability of the scale. As a result of the reliability analysis, it was decided that the scale had sufficient reliability values. As a conclusion, the scale which was adapted into Turkish is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure social identity of sport parents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Exploratory factor analysis
• Confirmatory factor analysis
• Reliability

Sporcu Ebeveynler için Sosyal Kimlik Ölçeği: Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama Çalışması

Öz

Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sutcliffe ve arkadaşları (2023) tarafından alan yazına kazandırılan sporcu ebeveynler için sosyal kimlik ölçeğinin (The Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport Parents (SIQS-P) Türk kültürüne uyarlamasının yapılmasıdır. Ölçeğin Türkçe’ye çevirisi, orijinal çalışmanın ilk yazarından gerekli izinler alındıktan sonra gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çeviri sürecine beş kişilik (iki spor bilimleri ve üç İngilizce dil bilimci) uzman ekip katılmıştır. Araştırmaya 192 erkek, 283 kadın toplam 475 sporcu ebeveyn katılmıştır. Katılımcılar 37 ile 63 (X̄=44.31, Ss=5.34) yaş aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde istatistiksel paket programı kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) tercih edilmiştir. AFA bulguları ölçeğin orijinal formunda olduğu gibi dokuz madde ve üç faktörlü yapıyı belirlemiştir. Belirlenen yapının uygunluğunu test etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) kullanılmıştır. DFA bulguları AFA ile belirlenen yapıyı onaylamıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirliği için iç tutarlılık katsayısı (Cronbach alfa), test tekrar test ve yarıya bölme (split half) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik analizleri sonucunda yeterli değerlere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Türkçe uyarlaması gerçekleştirilen ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Açımlayıcı faktör analizi
• Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi
• Güvenirlik

Kaynakça

1. Alpar R. (2010). Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik - güvenirlik. Detay Yayıncılık.
2. Aytaç, M., & Öngen, B. (2012). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yeni çevresel paradigma ölçeğinin yapı geçerliliğinin incelenmesi. İstatistikçiler Dergisi: İstatistik ve Aktüerya, 5(1), 14-22.
3. Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş AMOS Uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitabevi.
4. Bean, C., Fortier, M., & Chima, K. (2019). Exploring challenges and strategies associated with the demands of competitive male youth hockey on mothers’ health. Leisure/ Loisir, 43(1), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713. 2019.1583075
5. Brislin, R. W. (1986). A culture general assimilator: Preparation for various types of sojourns. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(86)90007-6
6. Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis For Applied Research. New York: The GuilfordPress.
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Anket geliştirme. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 133-151.
8. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Spss veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem A Yayıncılık

9. Clarke, N. J., & Harwood, C. G. (2014). Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomenological study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.004
10. Clarke, N. J., Harwood, C. G., & Cushion, C. J. (2016). A phenomenological interpretation of the parent-child relationship in elite youth football. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10. 1037/spy0000052
11. Comrey, A. L., Backer, T. E., & Glaser, E. M. (1973). A Source Book For Mental Health Measures. Human Interaction Research Institute.
12. Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147- 168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103251541
13. Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
14. Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2009). Parents’ perceptions of child-to parent socialization in organized youth sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.444
15. Dorsch, T. E., Vierimaa, M., & Plucinik, J. M. (2019).A citation network analysis of research on parent− child interactions in youth sport. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 8(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000140
16. Dorsch, T. E., Wright, E., Eckardt, V. C., Elliott, S., Thrower, S. N., & Knight, C. J. (2021). A history of parent involvement in organized youth sport: A scoping review. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 10(4), 536. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000266
17. Dunn, C., Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., & Rothlisberger, K. J. (2016). The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Family Relations, 65(2), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12193
18. Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. (2013). A socio-cultural exploration of parental involvement in junior Australian rules football. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 18377122.2013.76042
19. Fabrigar, L. R.,Wegener, D. T. MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
20. Felber Charbonneau, E., & Camiré, M. (2020). Parental involvement in sport and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs: Perspectives from parent–child dyads. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 655–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570533
21. Garst, B. A., Gagnon, R. J., & Stone, G. A. (2019). “The credit card or the taxi”: A qualitative investigation of parent involvement in indoor competition climbing. Leisure Sciences, 42(6), 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01490400.2019.1646172
22. Gorsuch, R. L. (1974). Factor analysis. Philadelphia: Saunders.
23. Harwood, C., & Knight, C. (2009). Understanding parental stressors: An investigation of British tennis-parents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802603871
24. Johansen, P. F., & Green, K. (2019). ‘It’s alpha omega for succeeding and thriving’: Parents, children and sporting cultivation in Norway. Sport, Education and Society, 24(4), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017. 1401991
25. Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. (6. Baskı) Asil Yayın.
26. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (4th ed.) Guilford Press
27. Lannucci, C., MacPhail, A., & R. Richards, K. A. (2019). Development and initial validation of the Teaching Multiple School Subjects Role Conflict Scale (TMSS-RCS). European Physical Education Review, 25(4), 1017-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X18791194
28. Merenda, P. F. (1997). A guide to the proper use of factor analysis in the conduct and reporting of research: Pifalls to avoid. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 156- 164. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.1997.12068936
29. Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ve AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık
30. Mundfrom, D. J.,Shaw, D. G., & Ke, T. L. (2005). Minimum sample size recommendations for conducting factor analysis. International Journal of Testing, 5(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0502_4
31. Neely, K. C., McHugh, T. L. F., Dunn, J. G., & Holt, N. L. (2017). Athletes and parents coping with deselection in competitive youth sport: A communal coping perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.004
32. Newport, R. A., Knight, C. J., & Love, T. D. (2021). The youth football journey: Parents’ experiences and recommendations for support. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(6), 1006–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 2159676X.2020.1833966
33. Okursoy, A., & Turan, A. H. (2014). Açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve üniversite yemekhanesinde müşteri memnuniyeti üzerinde etkili olan boyutlarin belirlenmesi üzerine bir uygulama. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 15(1), 65-78.
34. Peter, N. E. (2011). Confessions of a baseball mom: The impact of youth sports on parents’ feelings and behaviors. New Directions for Youth Development, 1, 123–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.422
35. Peterson, R. A. (2000). A meta-analysis of variance accounted for and factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis. Marketing Letters, 11, 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008191211004
36. Sapnas, K. G., & Zellar, R. A. (2002). Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(2), 135-154. htps://doi.org/10.1891/jnum.10.2.135.52552
37. Scherer, R. F., Luther, D. C., Wiebe, F. A., & Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 763- 770. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.763
38. Schermelleh-Engel, K. & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive, Psychological Research Online, 8(2).
39. Sutcliffe, J. T., Benson, A. J., McLaren, C. D., & Bruner, M. W. (2023). Part of the team: The social identity questionnaire for sport parents (SIQS-P). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 27(2), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2022.2092740
40. Sutcliffe, J. T., Fernandez, D. K., Kelly, P. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). The parental experience in youth sport: A systematic review and qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.199 8576
41. Sutcliffe, J. T., Kelly, P. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). Youth sport participation and parental mental health. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport. 2020.101832
42. Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks Yayınları.
43. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.), Allyn and Bacon
44. Tamminen, K. A., Poucher, Z. A., & Povilaitis, V. (2017). The car ride home: An interpretive examination of parent–athlete sport conversations. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(4), 325–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000093
45. Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
46. Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. (5. Baskı) Nobel Yayınevi. Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1998). Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082989X.3.2.231
47. Warner, S., Dixon, M., & Leierer, S. (2015). Using youth sport to enhance parents’ sense of community. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.7290/jasm
48. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
49. Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079