Araştırma Makalesi
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Yeni Dinî Kimlik Oluşum, Şekillenme ve İfade Etme Aşamalarında Sosyal Medyanın Rolü: Japon Müslümanlar Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 227 - 263, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33460/beuifd.1101617

Öz

Çağdaş dünyada sosyal medya, bireylerin dinî kimliklerinin oluşturulması, şekillendirilmesi, sürdürülmesinde ve ifade edilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Müslüman olan Japonların yeni dinî kimliklerinin oluşturulmasında ve sürdürülmesinde sosyal medyanın ne kadar etkili olduğunu ve aynı şekilde Japon Müslümanların yeni dinî inançlarını beyan etmek ve açıklamak için sosyal medyayı ne ölçüde kullandıklarını incelemektir. Makale Japonya’da iki buçuk yıla yakın yürütülen saha çalışmasının verilerine dayanmaktadır. Nitel araştırma veri toplama yöntemleri olan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat, katılımcı gözlem ve saha notlarına başvurulmuştur. Mülakatlar, kartopu ve amaçlı örneklem metotları ile ulaşılan ve yaşları 19 ile 81 arası değişen 32 kadın 30 erkek toplam 62 kişi ile yapılmıştır. Çeşitli cami, mescit ve derneklerin etkinliklerine katılmak suretiyle Japon Müslümanlar ile iletişime devam ederek gözlemler yapılmış ve saha notları tutulmuştur. Hedef, sosyal medya ve dinî kimlik konusunun Japon Müslümanların deneyimleri özelinde ne anlam ifade ettiğini anlamak olduğu için veriler fenomenolojik bir bakış açısıyla incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, sosyal medyanın Japonların Müslüman kimliği ile karşılaşma ve bu kimliğin oluşumu üzerine fazla bir rolü olmadığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, azınlık olan ve Japonya’nın muhtelif bölgelerine dağılmış ve başka türlü bir araya gelmeleri kolaylıkla mümkün olmayacak Japon Müslümanların birbirleriyle ve göçmen Müslümanlar ile bağlantılar kurarak dinî kimliklerini şekillendirme, sürdürme ve meşrulaştırmasında sosyal medyanın son derece mühim bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan, sosyal medya Japon Müslümanların yeni dinî kimliklerini kendi toplumlarına beyan etmek için sık başvurdukları bir araç değildir.

Kaynakça

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The Role of Social Media in the Formation, Development and Expression of New Religious Identity: The Case of Japanese Muslims

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 227 - 263, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33460/beuifd.1101617

Öz

Social media plays a significant role in creating, shaping, maintaining and expressing religious identities of individuals in the contemporary world. The purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent social media is influential in creating and maintaining new religious identities of Japanese individuals who chose to become Muslim, and likewise, to what extent these Japanese Muslim converts use social media to express their new religious identities. The paper is based on the findings of the field study carried out in Japan for approximately two and a half years. Semi-structured interviews, participant observations and field notes were employed to collect the data. The interviews were conducted with a total of 62 people, 32 female and 30 male, aged between 19 and 81, using snowball and purposive sampling methods. Participation in the activities of various mosques, masjids and religious associations has frequently been ensured, and thus, communication with Japanese Muslims was continued, observations were made and field notes were kept. The data were examined from a phenomenological perspective to understand the relationship between social media and religious identity in terms of the experiences of Japanese Muslims. Although social media has little to no influence on the formation of Muslim identity, it plays a crucial role in maintaining it by establishing connections between Japanese Muslims who are a tiny minority scattered throughout Japan. However, it is not a popular medium for expressing and explaining their new religious identities to others.

Kaynakça

  • Acun, Ramazan. “Her Dem Yeniden Doğmak: Online Sosyal Ağlar ve Kimlik”. Milli Folklor Dergisi 12/89, (2011).
  • Ammerman, Nancy T.. “Dini Kimlikler ve Dini Kurumlar”. Din Sosyolojisi El Kitabı. ed. Michele Dillon. 299-325. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Belk, Russell W.. “Extended Self in a Digital World”. Journal of Consumer Research 40/3 (2013), 477-500.
  • Brouwer, Lenie. “Dutch‐Muslims on the Internet: A New Discussion Platform”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24:1 (2004), 47-55.
  • Bullingham, Liam - Vasconcelos, Ana C.. “The Presentation of Self in the Online World’: Goffman and the Study of Online Identities”. Journal of Information Science 39/1 (2013), 101–112.
  • Bunt, Gary R. “islam@britain.net: ‘British Muslim’ identities in Cyberspace”. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 10:3 (1999), 353-362
  • Campbell, Heidi. “Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage”. Online – Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 1/1 (2005), 1-26.
  • Campbell, Heidi. “Understanding the Relationship between Religion Online and Offline in a Networked Society”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 80/1 (2012), 64-93.
  • Campbell, Heidi A. “Community”. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds. ed. Heidi A. Campbell. 57-71. Routledge: New York, 2013.
  • Coleman, E. Gabriella. “Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media”. Annual Review of Anthropology 39 (2010), 487-505.
  • Creswell, John W. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri – Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni. çev: Mesut Bütün - Selçuk Beşir Demir. Ankara, Siyasal Kitabevi, 2020.
  • Dawson, Lorne L. - Hennebry, Jenna. “New Religions and the Internet: Recruiting in a New Public Space”. Journal of Contemporary Religion 14/1 (1999), 17-39.
  • Delamont, Sara. “Ethnography and Participant Observation”. Qualitative Research Practice. ed. Clive Seale vd.. 205-217. London: SAGE Publications, 2007.
  • Dereli, Mustafa Derviş. Dini Kimliklerin Sosyal Medyada Akışkanlaşması: Siber-Etnografik bir Araştırma. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi. 2018.
  • Dereli, Mustafa Derviş. “Dini Kimliklerin Siber Uzamda Akışkanlaşması”, İnsan ve Toplum 9/1 (2019), 85-115.
  • Flinn, Frank K.. “Conversion: Up From Evangelicalism or the Pentecostal and Charismatic Experience”. Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies. ed. Christopher Lamb - M. Darrol Bryant. 51-74. London: Cassell, 1999.
  • GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz. Competing Visions of Islam in the United States: A Study of Los Angeles. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997.
  • Goehring, Dorothy Lee. "Muslim Women on the Internet: Social Media as Sites of Identity Formation". Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 42/3 (2019), 20-34.
  • Gruzd, Anatoliy vd. “Imagining Twitter as an Imagined Community”. American Behavioral Scientist 55/10 (2011), 1294–1318.
  • Hammond, Phillip E. “Religion and the Persistence of Identity”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 27/1 (1988), 1–11.
  • Hermansen, Marcia. “Conversion to Islam in Theological and Historical Perspectives”. Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. ed. Lewis R. Rambo - Charles E. Farhadian. 1-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Heirich, Max. “Change of Heart: A Test of Some Widely Held Theories about Religious Conversion”. American Journal of Sociology 83/3 (1977), 653-680.
  • Higuchi, Mimasaka. 日本人ムスリムとして生きる (Japon Müslüman Olarak Yaşamak). Tokyo: Kosei Shuppan, 2007.
  • Husserl, Edmund. Ideas: General Introduction to the Pure Phenomenology. Oxon: Routledge, 2012.
  • Husserl, Edmund. Fenomenoloji Üzerine Beş Ders. çev: Harun Tepe. Ankara: Bilgesu Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Inoue, Nobutaka. An Analysis of Questionnaire Surveys from 1992 to 2001. Tokyo: Kokugakuin University 21st Century Center for Excellence Program, 2003.
  • Introvigne, Massimo. “Brainwashing”. Encylopedia of New Religious Movements. ed. Peter B. Clarke. 74-78. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Janmohamed, Shelina. M Nesli: Yeni Müslüman Gençlik. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları, 2017.
  • James, William. Varieties of Religious Experiences – A Study in Human Nature. London: Routledge, Yüzüncü Yıl Baskısı, 2002.
  • Kawabata, Akira – Tamura, Takanori. “Online-Religion in Japan: Websites and Religious Counseling from a Comparative Cross-Cultural Perspective”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (2007), 999-1019.
  • Kim, Grace Ji-Sun. “The New ‘Dot.com Women’: Women Engaging Religious and Theological Discourse Online”. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 31/2 (2015), 154-159.
  • Kirman, Mehmet Ali. “Din Değiştirme Olgusuna• Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım”. Dini Araştırmalar 6/18 (2004), 75-88.
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  • Kocalan, Elif Büşra. “Four Motivations of Conversion to Islam: Japanese Muslims”. Bilimname 47 (2022), 713-754.
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  • Komura, Akiko. 日本のイスラーム: 歴史・宗教・文化を読み解く(Japonya İslamı: Tarihi, Dini ve Kültürü Okuyup Anlama). Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun Publications, 2019.
  • Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.
  • Köse, Ali. “Din Değiştirmenin Psiko-Sosyolojik Nedenleri”. Tartışmalı İlmi Toplantılar Dizisi 43. İstanbul: İslami İlimler Araştırma Vakfı (2005), 407-427.
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  • Lofland, John - Stark, Rodney. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective”. American Sociological Review 30/6 (1965), 862-875.
  • Lofland, John - Skonovd, Norman. “Conversion Motifs”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religions 20/4 (1981), 373-385.
  • Long, Theodore E. – Hadden, Jeffrey K.. “Religious Conversion and the Concept of Socialization: Integrating the Brainwashing and Drift Models”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 22/1 (1983), 1-14.
  • Lövheim, Mia – Linderman, Alf G. “Constructing Religious Identity on the Internet”. In Religion and Cyberspace. ed. Morten Hojsgaard and Margit Warburg. 121–137. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Lövheim, Mia. “Identity”. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds. ed. Heidi A. Campbell. 41-56. Routledge: New York, 2013.
  • Maruyama, Hideki. “Diversity as Advantage in a “Homogeneous” Society: The Educational Environment for Muslims in Japan”. Shingetsu Electronic Journal of Japanese-Islamic Relations 1 (2007), 57-78.
  • McKenna, Katelyn Y. A. – West, Kelly J. “Give me that Online-Time Religion: The Role of the Internet in Spiritual Life”. Computers in Human Behavior 23 (2007), 942–954.
  • Mead, George Herbert. Zihin, Benlik ve Toplum. çev: Yeşim Erden. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları, 2017.
  • Moran, Dermot. Introduction to the Phenomenology. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Mossiere, Geraldine. “The Intimate and the Stranger: Approaching the ‘‘Muslim Question’’ through the Eyes of Female Converts to Islam”. Critical Research on Religion 4/1 (2006), 90-108. Nawawy, Mohammed el.- Khamis, Sahar. Islam Dot Com: Contemporary Islamic Discourses in Cyberspace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Nawawy, Mohammed el.- Khamis, Sahar. “Collective Identity in the Virtual Islamic Public Sphere: Contemporary Discourses in Two Islamic Websites”. International Communication Gazette 72 (2010), 229-250.
  • Nieuwkerk, Karin van. “Conversion” to Islam and the Construction of a Pious Self”. Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. ed. Lewis R. Rambo - Charles E. Farhadian. 1-24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Nock, Arthur Darby. Conversion: The Old and the New in Religion from Alexander the Great to Augustine of Hippo. Lanham: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Numajiri Masayuki –Miki Hizuru.“滞日ムスリムと日本の地域社会” (Japonya’da Yaşayan Müslümanlar ve Yerel Topluluklar”. 現代日本の宗教事情 (Modern Japonya’da Dini Koşullar). ed. Norichika Horie. 252-267. Tokyo: Iwanami, 2018.
  • O’Leary, Stephen. “Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on Computer Networks”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64/4 (1996), 781–808.
  • Obuse, Kieko. “Living Compound Marginality: Experiences of a Japanese Muslim Woman”. Religions 10 (2019), 434-458.
  • Okai, Hirofumi. “ムスリム・コミュニティと地域社会‐イスラーム団体の活動から「多分化共生」を再考する” (Müslüman ve Yerel Topluluklar – İslami Örgütlerin Faaliyetleri Üzerinden “Çok Kültürlü Ortak Yaşamı” Yeniden Düşünmek). 現代日本の宗教と多分化再生 (Modern Japonya’da Din ve Çok Kültürlülük). ed. Noriko Takahashi vd.. 181-203. Tokyo: Akashi, 2018.
  • Özyürek, Esra. Müslüman Olmak, Alman Kalmak – Yeni Avrupa’da Millet, Din ve Din Değiştirme. çev: İsmail Ilgar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2015.
  • Peek, Lori. “Becoming Muslim: The Development of a Religious Identity”, Sociology of Religion 66/3 (2005), 215-242.
  • Penn, Michael. “Public Faces and Private Spaces: Islam in the Japanese Context”. Asia Policy 5(2008), 89-104.
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F.. “Psychology of Religious Conversion and Spiritual Transformation”. Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. ed. Lewis R. Rambo - Charles E. Farhadian. 1-37. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Poston, Larry. Islamic Da’wah in the West – Muslim Missionary Activity and the Dynamics of Conversion to Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Rambo, Lewis R.. Understanding Religious Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
  • Rheingold, Howard. The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a Computerised World. London: Secker&Warburg, 1994.
  • Richardson, James T.. “The Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/Recruitment Research”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 24/2 (1985), 163-179.
  • Roald, Anne Sofie. New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Roald, Anne Sofie. “The Shaping of a Scandinavian “Islam” – Converts and Gender Equal Opportunity”. Women Embracing Islam- Gender and Conversion in the West. ed. Karin van Nieuwkerk. 48-70. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.
  • Sakurai, Keiko. 日本のムスリム社会 (Japonya Müslüman Toplumu). Tokyo: Chikuma Shinso, 2003.
  • Sakurai, Keiko. “Muslims in Contemporary Japan”. Asia Policy 5 (2008), 69–87.
  • Sands, Kristin Zahra. “Muslims, Identity and Multimodal Communication on the Internet”, Cont Islam 4 (2010), 139–155.
  • Sato, Kanei. 日本の中でイスラム教を信じる (Japonya’da İslam Dinine İnanmak). Tokyo: Bungeishunjū, 2015. Singer, Merrill. “The Use of Folklore in Religious Conversion: The Chassidic Case”. Review of Religious Research 22/2 (1980), 170-185.
  • Sofuoğlu, Nilgün. Alfred Schutz’un Fenomenolojik Sosyolojisi ve Din Sosyolojisine Uygulanabilirliği. İzmir: T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2009.
  • Schmidt, Garbi, “Islamic Identity Formation among Young Muslims: The Case of Denmark, Sweden and the United States”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24/1 (2004), 31-45.
  • Starbuck, Edwin Diller. The Psychology of Religion – An Emprical Study of the Growth of Religious Consciousness. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900.
  • Straus, Roger A.. “Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment”. Sociological Analysis 40/2 (1979), 158-165.
  • Şahin, İlkay. Online Alevi Topluluklar: Ritüel Desenli bir Gruptan Mit Desenli bir İnanç Topluluğuna. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Tanada, Hirofumi. 日本におけるムスリムの子ども教育に関する調査 (Japonya’da Müslüman Çocukların Eğitimi Üzerine Anket). 人間科学研究 (İnsani İlimler Araştırması) 23/2 (2010), 249-255.
  • Tanada, Hirofumi. “世界と日本のムスリム人口-2018 年” (2018 Yılında Dünya ve Japonya’da Tahmini Müslüman Nüfusu). 早稲田大学人間科学研究 (Waseda University Faculty of Human Sciences Research) 32/2 (2019), 253-262.
  • Terada, Kimiyo. 共生社会とマイノリティへの支援:日本人ムスリマの社会的対応から (Simbiyotik bir Toplum ve Azınlıklara Destek: Japon Müslümanların Toplumsal Etkileşimi Örneği) Tokyo: Toshindo Publishing, 2003.
  • Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identitiy in the Age of the Internet. New York: Touchstone, 1997.
  • Turkle, Sherry. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005.
  • Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
  • Ullman, Chana. The Transformed Self – Psychology of Religious Conversion. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1989.
  • Waseda University School of Human Sciences Asian Social Theory Laboratory. 在日ムスリム調査 関東大都市圏調査 第一次報告書 (Japonya'da Müslüman Araştırması: Kanto Metropolitan Alan Araştırması İlk Raporu). Tokyo: Waseda Üniversitesi, 2006.
  • Yıldırım, Ali - Şimşek, Hasan. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Zebiri, Kate. British Muslim Converts – Choosing Alternative Lives. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.
  • Chiba Islamic Cultural Center, https://www.facebook.com/CICCjapan/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Islamic Circle of Japan/Young Muslim, https://www.facebook.com/ICOJ.YoungMuslim/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Japonya Müslüman Derneği, https://www.facebook.com/muslim.or.jp, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Kyoto Muslim Community, https://www.facebook.com/Kyoto-Muslim-Community-581238678981022/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Muslim Friendly Information in Japan, https://www.facebook.com/groups/473320006144600, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Olive, https://www.facebook.com/olivejapanorg/ , https://www.olivejapan.org/about, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • Tokyo Camii & Diyanet Türk Kültür Merkezi, https://www.facebook.com/tokyocamii, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • 楽しもう!ムスリムライフ♪ , https://www.facebook.com/groups/196009827134829, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
  • ジャパンダアワセンター, https://www.facebook.com/JapanDawahCentreMedia/?ref=page_internal, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2022.
Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Büşra Kocalan 0000-0002-8051-4647

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kocalan, Elif Büşra. “Yeni Dinî Kimlik Oluşum, Şekillenme Ve İfade Etme Aşamalarında Sosyal Medyanın Rolü: Japon Müslümanlar Örneği”. BEÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 9/2 (Aralık 2022), 227-263. https://doi.org/10.33460/beuifd.1101617.


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