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KÜRESEL SERVET EŞİTSİZLİĞİ: PİYASA VEYA DEVLET EKSENLİ ÇÖZÜMDE İSLAM EKONOMİSİNİN KONUMU

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 17 - 35, 16.02.2016

Mahmut Bilen

Öz

Sosyal veya refah devleti denilen yapı, devletin ekonomideki payının 100 yıllık zaman periyodunda çoğu gelişmiş ülkede dört kattan daha fazla artmasına neden olmuştur. Gelir ve servet dağılımı sorununa çözüm için yola çıkan devlet, bu soruna dikkate değer düzeyde çözüm bulamadığı gibi, yüksek kamu borç sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Devlet eksenli sosyal adalet arayışları yirminci yüzyılın sonlarına gelindiğinde refah devletinin krizi veya devletin mali krizi olarak ifade edilen kavramlarla anılır hale gelmiştir. Bu soruna çözüm için piyasa eksenli ve ekonomik büyümeyi referans gösteren liberal teorinin uygulama alanı bulduğu 1980 sonrası uygulanan ekonomik politikalar, bu soruna çözüm olamadığı gibi eşitsizliğin daha da büyümesine neden olmuştur. Tam da bu aşamada acaba İslam iktisadının bu konuya yönelik kurumlarının ve uygulamalarının insanlığın karşı karşıya kaldığı bu soruna çözüm bulma olanaklarının neler olabileceği bu bildiride tartışılacaktır. Refah devletinin sosyal transfer uygulamalarının asimetrik bilgi sorunundan kaynaklanan etkinsizliğine karşı, “yardıma önce yakınından başlanmasını” öneren İslam iktisat modelinin eşitsizliği azaltmak için servet üzerinden ödenmesi gereken zekat uygulamasının başarı şansının ne kadar olabileceği analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal devlet, servet eşitsizliği ve zekât.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet, Habib(2004). Role of Zakah and Awgaf in Poverty Alleviation, IRTI Occasional Paper no.8, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Bayartan, Mehmet (2008). Osmanlı Şehirlerinde Vakıflar ve Vakıf Sisteminin Şehre Kattığı Değerler, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, 5 (1), ss. 157- 175.
  • Bilen, Mahmut (2002). Piyasa Ekonomisindeki Devletin Değişen Rolü: Refah Devleti Ekseninde Bir Analiz, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, İ. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Budiman.M and Kusuma. D. (2011). The Economic Significance of Waqf: A Macro Perspective. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1844606.
  • Erkal, M. (2008). Zekat, Bilgi ve Uygulama, Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • George, Vıc (1996). The Future of the Walfere State, European Welfare Policy, Ed. by. Vic George and Peter Taylor-Gooby, New York, St. Martin’s Press, pp. 1-30.
  • Hassan, M. Kabir, Jauanyed Masrur Khan (2007). Zakat, External Debt and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Bangladesh, Journal of Economic Cooperation, 28 (4), ss.1-38.
  • Hossain, İsmail (2013). Analysis on Poverty Alleviation by Mosque Based Zakat Administration in Bangladesh: An empirical study. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, Vol. 1, pp. 120-125.
  • Hossain, M. Z. (2012). Zakat in Islam: A Powerful Poverty Alleviating Instrument for Islamic Countries, International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 1- 11.
  • Johari, F., Aziz, M. R. Ab. and Ali, A. F. M. (2013). A Review on Literatures of Zakat Between 2003-13. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 1175, p 1-15.
  • Kahf, Monzer. (1989). Zakat: Unresolved issues in the Contemporary Fiqh. Journal of Islamic Economics, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 1-22.
  • Kasri, Rahmatina.(2013). Contributions of Zakah Institution for Alleviating in Indonesia. Durham Center for İslamic Economics and Finance, United Kingdom.
  • Mannan, M. A. (1980). İslam Ekonomisi Teori ve Pratik. İstanbul: Fikir Yayınları.
  • Maliye Bakanlığı (2016). http://www.gep.gov.tr/Web/RUlusal.aspx?prmts=115 Erişim; 2016
  • Milanovic, Branko (2005). Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Moheildin, M., Iqbal, Z., Rostom A. ve Fu, X. (2012). The Role of Islamic Finance in Enhancing Financial Inclusion in Organizastion of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Countries. Islamic Economic Studies, 20(2), pp. 55-120.
  • Nadzri, F. A. A., AbdrRahman, R., Omar, N. (2012). Zakat and Poverty Alleviation: Roles of Zakat Institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 61 – 72.
  • OECD (2014). http://stats.oecd.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 2014.
  • Özek, A., Karaman, H., Aydın, M. A., ve Erkal, M. (1987). İbadet ve Müessese Olarak Zekat, İslami İlimler Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul.
  • Peltzman, S. (1992). The Growth of Government, The State and Its Critics,
  • Vol. I, Ed. by. Andrew Levine, England, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 378- 428.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Kapital. çev: Hande Koçak, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • RBC Wealth Management. (2013). Wealth Report.
  • Shirazi, Nasım Shah (2014). Integrating Zakat and Waqf into tha Poverty Reduction Strategy of the IDB Member Countries. Islamic Economic Studies, Vol. 22, no. 1 pp. 79-108.
  • Tlemsani, I. and Matthews, R. (2013). Zakat and the Elimination of Poverty: New Perspectives. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, vol. 9 (1). pp. 54 – 69.
  • Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin (2008). Vakıf, İslam Ansiklopedisi, İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi Yayını, Cilt 42, ss. 479-86.
  • TÜİK. (2015). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • UNDP. (2000a). Human Development Report.
  • UNDP. (2014b). The Millennium Development Goals Report.
  • United Nations (2015), http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml
  • World Bank. (2008a). World Development Indicators.
  • World Bank (2015b), http://data.worldbank.org/

GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 17 - 35, 16.02.2016

Mahmut Bilen

Öz

The social and welfare state structure had more than quadrupled the share of the state in economy in most developed nations in a century. The state could not find a successful solution to inequality in income and wealth distribution and had to face high public debts. By the end of 20th century, state’s efforts to create social justice were associated with concepts such as welfare state crisis and financial crisis. Market oriented liberal theory which supported economic growth was implemented following 1980s; however the relevant economic policies were unable to find a solution to inequality and worsened the situation. In that regard, this study aims to discuss whether Islamic economic perspective can find solution to wealth inequality in the world with its institutions and implementations. In comparison to welfare state’s social transfer implementations which result in ineffectuality due to asymmetrical information issues, we will try to analyze the success rate of zakat to overcome inequality -which is the contribution of a certain portion of one's wealth as a religious practice- in Islamic economy model that suggests ‘’starting to help those around you’’.

Keywords: Social State, wealth inequality and zekat.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet, Habib(2004). Role of Zakah and Awgaf in Poverty Alleviation, IRTI Occasional Paper no.8, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Bayartan, Mehmet (2008). Osmanlı Şehirlerinde Vakıflar ve Vakıf Sisteminin Şehre Kattığı Değerler, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, 5 (1), ss. 157- 175.
  • Bilen, Mahmut (2002). Piyasa Ekonomisindeki Devletin Değişen Rolü: Refah Devleti Ekseninde Bir Analiz, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, İ. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Budiman.M and Kusuma. D. (2011). The Economic Significance of Waqf: A Macro Perspective. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1844606.
  • Erkal, M. (2008). Zekat, Bilgi ve Uygulama, Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • George, Vıc (1996). The Future of the Walfere State, European Welfare Policy, Ed. by. Vic George and Peter Taylor-Gooby, New York, St. Martin’s Press, pp. 1-30.
  • Hassan, M. Kabir, Jauanyed Masrur Khan (2007). Zakat, External Debt and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Bangladesh, Journal of Economic Cooperation, 28 (4), ss.1-38.
  • Hossain, İsmail (2013). Analysis on Poverty Alleviation by Mosque Based Zakat Administration in Bangladesh: An empirical study. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, Vol. 1, pp. 120-125.
  • Hossain, M. Z. (2012). Zakat in Islam: A Powerful Poverty Alleviating Instrument for Islamic Countries, International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 1- 11.
  • Johari, F., Aziz, M. R. Ab. and Ali, A. F. M. (2013). A Review on Literatures of Zakat Between 2003-13. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 1175, p 1-15.
  • Kahf, Monzer. (1989). Zakat: Unresolved issues in the Contemporary Fiqh. Journal of Islamic Economics, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 1-22.
  • Kasri, Rahmatina.(2013). Contributions of Zakah Institution for Alleviating in Indonesia. Durham Center for İslamic Economics and Finance, United Kingdom.
  • Mannan, M. A. (1980). İslam Ekonomisi Teori ve Pratik. İstanbul: Fikir Yayınları.
  • Maliye Bakanlığı (2016). http://www.gep.gov.tr/Web/RUlusal.aspx?prmts=115 Erişim; 2016
  • Milanovic, Branko (2005). Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Moheildin, M., Iqbal, Z., Rostom A. ve Fu, X. (2012). The Role of Islamic Finance in Enhancing Financial Inclusion in Organizastion of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Countries. Islamic Economic Studies, 20(2), pp. 55-120.
  • Nadzri, F. A. A., AbdrRahman, R., Omar, N. (2012). Zakat and Poverty Alleviation: Roles of Zakat Institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 61 – 72.
  • OECD (2014). http://stats.oecd.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 2014.
  • Özek, A., Karaman, H., Aydın, M. A., ve Erkal, M. (1987). İbadet ve Müessese Olarak Zekat, İslami İlimler Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul.
  • Peltzman, S. (1992). The Growth of Government, The State and Its Critics,
  • Vol. I, Ed. by. Andrew Levine, England, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 378- 428.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Kapital. çev: Hande Koçak, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • RBC Wealth Management. (2013). Wealth Report.
  • Shirazi, Nasım Shah (2014). Integrating Zakat and Waqf into tha Poverty Reduction Strategy of the IDB Member Countries. Islamic Economic Studies, Vol. 22, no. 1 pp. 79-108.
  • Tlemsani, I. and Matthews, R. (2013). Zakat and the Elimination of Poverty: New Perspectives. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, vol. 9 (1). pp. 54 – 69.
  • Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin (2008). Vakıf, İslam Ansiklopedisi, İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi Yayını, Cilt 42, ss. 479-86.
  • TÜİK. (2015). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • UNDP. (2000a). Human Development Report.
  • UNDP. (2014b). The Millennium Development Goals Report.
  • United Nations (2015), http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml
  • World Bank. (2008a). World Development Indicators.
  • World Bank (2015b), http://data.worldbank.org/
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mahmut Bilen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Şubat 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilen, M. (2016). GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(1), 17-35.
AMA Bilen M. GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION. TUJISE. Şubat 2016;3(1):17-35.
Chicago Bilen, Mahmut. “GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION”. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 3, sy. 1 (Şubat 2016): 17-35.
EndNote Bilen M (01 Şubat 2016) GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 3 1 17–35.
IEEE M. Bilen, “GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION”, TUJISE, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 17–35, 2016.
ISNAD Bilen, Mahmut. “GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION”. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 3/1 (Şubat 2016), 17-35.
JAMA Bilen M. GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION. TUJISE. 2016;3:17–35.
MLA Bilen, Mahmut. “GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION”. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, c. 3, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 17-35.
Vancouver Bilen M. GLOBAL WEALTH INEQUALITY: ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR MARKET OR STATE ORIENTED SOLUTION. TUJISE. 2016;3(1):17-35.