ÇİN’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, YOKSULLUK VE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ: DÜNYA EKONOMİSİNDE KONUMU

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 13 - 37, 30.06.2017

Meriç Subaşı Ertekin

Öz

Çin,
1978 yılında uygulamaya başladığı başarılı reformlar ve dışa açılma politikası
sonrasında önemli bir ekonomik büyüme performansı gösterdi ve gayrisafi yurtiçi
hâsılası 1978-2010 yılları arasında yıllık ortalama %10 büyüdü. Ancak, ekonomik
büyümenin sağlanması kadar toplumun yaşam kalitesinin yükseltilmesi ve gelirin
adil dağıtılması da önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, 1978 yılı sonrasında hızlı
ekonomik büyümesi ve dünya ekonomisinde artan rolü ile dikkatleri üzerinde
toplayan Çin’de ekonomik büyüme ile birlikte yoksulluk ve gelir eşitsizliği
düzeyinin nasıl bir eğilim gösterdiği, bunun nedenleri ve dünya ekonomisindeki
konumunun ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, genel olarak Dünya
Bankası’nın ekonomik büyüme, yoksulluk ve gelir eşitsizliği verileri kullanılmaktadır.
Sonuç olarak, piyasaya dayalı hızlı ve sürekli büyümenin ülkede yoksulluğu
azaltırken yoksulluğun azaltılmasını yavaşlatan gelir eşitsizliğine neden olduğu
ve Çin’in kısa sürede gelir dağılımında adaleti en fazla bozulan ülke konumuna
geldiği görülmektedir. Son yıllarda büyümenin geçmiş yıllara göre yavaşlaması
ile gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizlik daha fazla dikkat çekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yoksulluk, Gelir eşitsizliği, ekonomik büyüme

Kaynakça

• Bao, S., Bodvarsson, O., Hou, J. Zhao, Y. (2011), “The Regulation of Migration in a Transition Economy:China’s Hukou System”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 29, No 4, ss.564–579.
• Bjorn, A. G. Li, S. Terry, S. (2008), “Income Inequality and Spatial Differences”, Inequality and Public Policy in China, Cambridge University Press.
• Chan, K. W. Hu, Y. (2003), “Urbanization in China: New Definition, Different Series, and Revised Trends”, China Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, ss.49-71.
• Chen, J. Fang, F. Hou, W. Li, F. Pu, M. Song, M. (2015), “Chinese Gini Coefficient from 2005 to 2012, Based on 20 Grouped Income Data Sets of Urban and Rural Residents”, Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2015, Article ID 939020, 16 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/939020
• Chen, J. Dai, D. Pu, M. Hou, W. Feng, Q. (2010), “The Trend of the Gini Coefficient of China”, BWPI Working Paper (109), January, http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-10910.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2017).
• China Daily (2016), China clarifies new five-year plan at key forum, 22 March, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-03/22/content_24002667.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017).
• Cevik, S. Correa-Caro, C. (2015), “Growing (Un)equal: Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality in China and BRIC+”, IMF Working Paper, March.
• Fan, S. Kanbur, R. Zhang, X. (2008), Regional Inequality in China: An Overview, August. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/ChinaRegionalInequalityIntro.pdf? (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2017).
• Francois, B. (2004), “The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle”, World Bank Working Paper, No. 28102. Çalışma Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi’de sunulmuştur, February 4, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2004/03/09/000265513_20040309165330/Rendered/PDF/28102.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2017).
• Gan, L. (2013), Income Inequality and Consumption in China, August, https://international.uiowa.edu/sites/international.uiowa.edu/files/file_uploads/incomeinequalityinchina.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2017).
• Gill, I. S. Revenga, A. Zeballos, C. (2016), “Grow, Invest, Insure: A Game Plan to End Extreme Poverty by 2030”, Policy Research Working Paper, 7892,World Bank Group. November.
• Grammy, A. ve Assane, D. (2006), “The poverty-growth-inequality triangle hypothesis: An Empirical Examination”, Journal of Policy Modeling, http://www.econmodels.com/upload7282/a77f04149bbad-14085ce30ac170e7da0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2017).
• Han, J. Zhao, Q. Zhang, M. (2016), “China’s Income Inequality in the Global Context”, Perspectives in Science, Vol.7,ss. 24-29.
• Hnatkovska, W. Lahiri, A. (2016), “Urbanization, Structural Transformation and Rural-Urban Disparities”, September, http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/alahiri/ChinaIndia_urban_v5.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2017).
• Knight, J. (2008), Reform, “Growth and Inequality in China”, Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 140-158. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3131.2008.00099.x
• Li, S. Luo, C. Sicular, T. (2011), “Overview; Income Inequality and Poverty in China, 2002-2007”, Western CIBP Working Paper Series, London, Ontario: Department of Economics Social Science Centre, The University of Western Ontario, October.
• Li, S. Sato, H. Sicular, T. (2013), Rising Income Inequality in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Li, S. Wan, H. (2015), “Evolution of wealth inequality in China”, China Economic Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, ss.264-287.
• Liao, F. H. Wei, Y. D. (2016), “Regional Inequality in China: Trends, Scales and Mechanisms”, Working paper Series, No. 202, Rimisp, Santiago, Chile: Territorial Cohesion for Development Working Group, September.
• Liu, W. Langhammer, R. J. (2016), “China’s Growth Challenges”, KIEL Policy Brief, No. 101, ıfw KIEL Institute for the World Economy, September.
• Liu, Y. Peterson, W. (2010), “Poverty Reduction and the Income Inequality in China”, Cornhusker Economics, Paper 450, University of Nebraska, June 30, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agecon_cornhusker/450 (Erişim Tarihi, 12. 02. 2017).
• Lo, D. (2006), “Making Sense of China’s Economic Transformation”, Department of Economics Working Papers, No. 148, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, March.
• Maddison, A. (2010), Statistics on World Population,GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD, 2008, http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm; Maddison Project. (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2017).
• Mullen, J. (2017), “China Expects Slower Economic Growth of About 6,5% This Year”, CNN Money, March 5. http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/04/news/economy/china-gdp-growth-target/
• National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016, 2012, 2005,1996), Annual Data, http://www.stats.gov.cn/ENGLISH/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2017).
• OECD, (2012), China in Focus: Lessons and Challenges, Paris: OECD, https://www.oecd.org/china/50011051.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2017).
• Park, A. (2008), “Rural-Urban Inequality in China”, China Urbanizes: Consequences, Strategies, and Policies, ShahidYusuf and Tony Saich (Ed.). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
• Project Partner, “5 Causes of Poverty in China”, http://projectpartner.org/poverty/5-causes-poverty-china/, (Erişim Tarihi, 12. 02. 2017).
• Ravallion, M. Chen, S. (2007), “China’s (uneven) progress against poverty”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 82, No.1, ss.1–42.
• Shi, L. (2016), “Recent Changes in Income Inequality in China”, World Social Science Report. Challenging Inequalities: Pathways to a Just World, UNESCO, ss.84-88.
• Shi, L. (?), “Changes in Income Inequality in China in the Last Three Decades”, http://uschinacenter.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/32612/Li_shi_paper.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 12. 02. 2017).
• Shi, L. Sato, H. Sicular, T. (2008), “Rising Inequality in China: Key Issues and Finding”, Rising Inequality in China: Challenges to a Harmonious Society, Li Shi, Hiroshi Sato ve Terry Sicular (Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Sillers, D. (2016), 95% of global poverty reduction has occurred in China in the past 40 years but why is there so little attention from international development professionals or academics given to China's success?. Quora, 25 March. https://www.quora.com.
• Statista, “Gini coefficient in China: inequality of income distribution in China from 2005 to 2015”. https://www.statista.com/statistics/250400/inequality-of-income-distribution-in-china-based-on-the-gini-index/
• The Economist (2016), “Inequality in China: Up on the Farm”, May 14, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21698674-rising-rural-incomes-are-making-china-more-equal-up-farm (Erişim Tarihi, 12. 02. 2017).
• The World Bank (2015), World Development Indicators. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21634 (Erişim Tarihi, 22. 02. 2017).
• The World Bank (2010), World Development Indicators. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, April, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/988271468149678303/pdf/542510PUB0WDI0101Official0Use0Only1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 22. 01. 2017).
• UN (2015), The Milennium Development Goals Report 2015, New York: United Nations http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 12. 02. 2017).
• UN (2013), Inequality Matters: Report of the World Social Situation 2013, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
• Wan, G. (2008), Understanding Inequality and Poverty in China, United Nations University.
• Wang, C. Wan, G. Yang, D. (2015), “Income Inequality in the People’s Republic of China: Trends, Determinants, and Proposed Remedies”, China’s Economy: A Collection of Survey, Iris Claus and Les Oxley (Ed.). UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
• Whalley, J. Zhang, S. (2007), “A Numerical Simulation Analysis of (Hukou) Labour Mobility Restrictions in China”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 83, No. 2, ss.392–410.
• World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators (Erişim Tarihi, 22. 02. 2017).
• Xue, J. (2012), “Growth and Inequality in China”, Growth with Inequality: An International Comparison on Income Distribution. Jinjun Xue (Ed.). Japan: World Scientific Publishing Company.
• Zhuang, J. Shi, L. (2016), “Understanding the Recent Trend of Income Inequality in China”, SOAS Department of Economics Working Paper Series, No: 196, June.