THE ROLE OF DIASPORAS IN TECHNOLOGY POLICIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE INDUSTRIES: BRAZIL, CHINA, INDIA AND TURKEY CASES

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 49 - 60, 01.12.2008

Kamil Taşcı Gökhan Güder

Öz

Nationalist approach in promotion of technological production is seen in general as oppose to techno-globalisation. However, techno-nationalism has shown a change in the process of transforming into an information economy, as well, and turned into neo-techno-nationalism. Neo-techno-nationalism is an approach which encourages benefiting from the opportunities provided by globalisation to the highest extent possible, promotion of public-private partnerships, and utilizing the Diaspora in global competition as an effective factor. In this study, theoretical background of the concepts of techno-nationalism, techno-globalisation and neo-techno-nationalism will be given in a comparative way with their historical development processes, and, by taking into account increasing significance of networks in the world economy, the concept of Diasporas as a tool of neo-techno-nationalist policies and its contribution to the development of national software industries will be examined. Policy choices and Diasporas of newly emerging economies with strong software industries like Brazil, China and India will be investigated in the following part and their experience in utilizing Diasporas in the field of software industry to achieve global competitiveness will be analyzed. Turkish Diaspora will also be studied in this section. In the last part, following a review of general findings obtained in the study, proposals on how Turkey can utilize Turkish Diaspora in development of software industry will be provided.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Technology Policies, Software Industry, Diasporas

TEKNOLOJİ POLİTİKALARINDA DİASPORALARIN YERİ VE YAZILIM ENDÜSTRİSİNİN GELİŞİMİNE ETKİLERİ: BREZİLYA, ÇİN, HİNDİSTAN VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Teknoloji üretiminin teşvik edilmesinde milliyetçi yaklaşım genellikle tekno-küreselleşmenin karşıtı olarak lanse edilmektedir. Ancak, bilgi ekonomisinde dönüşüm surecinde tekno-milliyetçilik te değişim geçirmiş ve yerini neo-tekno-milliyetçiliğe bırakmıştır. Neo-tekno-milliyetçilik ise küreselleşmenin sunduğu fırsatlardan azami düzeyde faydalanan, kamu-özel kesim işbirliğini öne çıkartan, küresel rekabette diasporaları aktif olarak değerlendiren yaklaşımı ifade etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, teknoloji politikalarında tekno-milliyetçilik, tekno-küreselleşme ve neo-tekno-milliyetçilik yaklaşımları kuramsal olarak ortaya konularak birbirleri arasındaki farklar ve gelişim süreçleri irdelenecek, küreselleşen dünya ekonomisinde ağ yapıların (networks) giderek önem kazanması, bu bağlamda neo-tekno-milliyetçi politikaların bir aracı olarak diasporalar ve kısaca diasporaların ulusal yazılım endüstrilerinin gelişimine olan etkilerine değinilecektir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerden yazılım alanında ön plana çıkan Brezilya, Çin ve Hindistan'ın politika tercihleri ve diaspora pozisyonları incelenecek, yazılım alanında küresel rekabet gücü için diasporalarından nasıl ve hangi düzeyde faydalandıkları analiz edilecektir. Bu bölümde, ayrıca, yurtdışında Türk diasporasının varlığı tartışılacaktır. Son bölümde, çalışma kapsamında elde edilen genel bulgular özetlenerek, Türkiye için Türk diasporasından yazılım endüstrisinin gelişiminde nasıl yararlanılabileceğine ilişkin öneriler getirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

TEKNOLOJİ, POLİTİKALARINDA, DİASPORALARIN

Kaynakça

• ALTENBURG, Tillman, Hubert SCHMITZ and Andreas STAMM, “Building Knowledge- Based Competitive Advantages In China And India: Lessons And Consequences For Other Developing Countries”, Global Development Network Annual Conference, St.Petersburg-Russia, 18-19 January 2006, (çevrimiçi) http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/AsianDriverpdfs/AltenburgSchmitzStammInnovation.p df
• BANERJEE, I Abhijit V. and Esther DUFLO, “Reputation Effects and the Limits of Contracting : A Study of the Indian Software Industry” , The Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 2000, pp. 989-1017
• Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Yurtdışı İstihdam İstatistikleri, 2005, (çevrimiçi) http://www.csgb.gov.tr/birimler/yih/istatistik/istatistik_94.doc, 11/09/2006
• Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı, Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri Veritabanı, Kasım 2006 (çevrimiçi) http://www.foreigntrade.gov.tr/ead/istatistik.htm, 07/11/2006
• DPT, Türkiye’nin Üyeliğinin AB’ye Muhtemel Etkileri Raporu, Kasım 2004, (çevrimiçi) http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/ab/uyelik/etki/olasi.pdf, 01/12/2005
• ELLERMAN, David, “The Dynamics of Skilled Labor Migration: What can be done about the Brain Drain?”, University of California at Riverside , June 2004, (çevrimiçi) http://www.trabajo.gov.ar/seminarios/files/davidellerman.doc, 06/10/2006
• HEAVIN, Ciara , Brian FITZGERALD and Elieen M. TRAUTH, “Factors Influencing Ireland’s Software Industry”, IS Perspectives and Challenges in the Context of Globalization Joint WG 8.2 & 9.4 IFIP Working Conference, Athens University of Economics and Business , 15-17 June, 2003, pp 236-252, (çevrimiçi) http://www.aueb.gr/ifip-isglob03/proceedings/29%20-%20Heavin.pdf, 20/07/2005
• HIGUCHI, Naoto and Tanno KIYOTO, “What’s Driving Brazil-Japan Migration? The Making and Remaking of the Brazilian Niche in Japan”, IJJS International Journal of Japanese Sociology Vol.12, 2003, pp 33-47
• HIGUCHI, Naoto, “Brazilian Migration to Japan Trends, Modalities and Impact”, United Nations – Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean- UN/POP/EGM-MIG/2005/11, 27 February 2006, (çevrimiçi) http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/IttMigLAC/P11_Higuchi.pdf , 01/11/2006
• HUNGER, Uwe, “The Brain Gain Hypothesis: Third World Elites in Industrialized Countries and Socioeconomic Development in their Home Country”, The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper No. 47, University of California San Diego, January, 2002
• KAPUR, Devesh and John McHALE, “ Sojourns and Software: Internationally Mobile Human Capital and High-Tech Industry Development in India, Ireland, and Israel”, Draft Research Report, September 2002, (çevrimiçi) http://web.business.queensu.ca/faculty/jmchale/research1/, 02/10/2006
• KARAKAŞ, Prof. Dr. Ümit ve Prof. Dr. Aydın HÜSEYNOV, “Türkiye Türkçesi ile Azeri, Kazak, Türkmen, Özbek, Kırgız Dilleri Arasında Bilgisayarlı Çeviri için Bir Olurluk İncelemesi”, Türk Cumhuriyetleri 4’ncü Bilişim İşbirliği Forumu, Bakü, 15-17 Aralık 2004
• KLOTZ, Stefan, “The Future of China’s Software Outsourcing Industry - A Choice of Region to Source from”, (IT University of Göteborg, Master Thesis in Informatics), ISSN 1651-4769, Sweden 2004, (çevrimiçi) http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00003914/ , 24/09/2006
• KRAMER, Kenneth and Jason DEDRICK, “From Nationalism to Pragmatism : IT Policy in China”, IEEE Computer, 1995, pp.64-73,
• MONRESOR, Sandro, “Techno-globalism, techno-nationalism and technological systems: organizing the evidence”, Technovation, Vol.21, pp.399-412, 2001
• NAGALA, Sarala V., “India’s Story of Success: Promoting the Information Technology Industry”, Stanford Journal of International Relations, Emerging Powers, Vol. 6-1, Winter 2005, (çevrimiçi) http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/, 27/09/2006
• PANDEY, Abhishek, Alok AGGARWAL, Richard DEVAN, and Yevgeny KUZNETSOV, “India’s Transformation to Knowledge-based Economy – Evolving Role of the Indian Diaspora”, Evalueserve, July 21, 2004
• TAŞCI, Kamil, Teorik Çerçevesi ve Uygulama Örnekleriyle Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Yazılım Endüstrisi, Planlama Uzmanlığı Tezi (yayımlanmamış eser), Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Mart 2007
• TSUDA,Takeyuki, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return Migration in Transnational Perspective, ISBN 0-231-12838-X, Columbia University Press, March 2003
• ÜSTÜNER,Tuba and David GODES, “Better Sales Networks”, Harvard Business Review, July-August 2006
• YAMADA, Atsushi, “Neo-Techno-Nationalism: How and Why It Grows,” paper presented at International Studies Association Convention, Los Angeles, California (March 14–18, 2000), http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/yaa01/
• VAN HEAR, Nicholas, Frank PIEKE and Steven VERTOVEC, “The Contribution of UK- Based Diasporas to Development and Poverty Reduction”, COMPAS (Centre on Migration, Policy and Society), University of Oxford, April 2004, (çevrimiçi) http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk, 13/06/2006
• WEI, Yingqi and V. N. BALASUBRAMANYAM, “Diaspora and Development”, The World Economy, Vol. 29, No. 11, November 2006, pp. 1599-1609, (çevrimiçi) http://ssrn.com/abstract=943848, 02/12/2006
• WETS, Prof. Dr. Johan, “Migration and Development: Myths and Facts”, International Organization for Migration(IOM), The European Policy Centre EPC Issue Paper No.11, January 21, 2004
• World Bank, Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad, edited by Yevgeny Kuznetsov, ISBN 0-8213-6647- 5, World Bank, May 2006