Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 91 - 106, 31.12.2018

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M., Rehman, H. U., Farooq, M. S., & Sarwar, K. (2011). Education and economic growth in Pakistan: A cointegration and causality analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 50(5–6), 321–335. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2011.10.004.
  • Al-Samarrai, S., & Bennell, P. (2007). Where has all the education gone in sub-Saharan Africa? employment and Other Outcomes Among Secondary School and University Leavers. Journal of Development Studies (Vol. 43). http://doi.org/10.1080/00220380701526592.
  • Arewa, A., & Nwakanma, P. C. (2012). Potential-Real GDP Relationship And Growth Process Of Nigerian Economy : An Empiriical Re- Evaluation Of Okun ‟ S Law. European Scientific Journal, 8(9), 25–33.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 403–443. http://doi.org/10.2307/2937943.
  • Barro, R. J. (2012). Education and economic growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(2), 301–328. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-0970868.92058-0.
  • Barro-Lee, Educational Attainment Dataset. (2012). Alıntılanan yer http://www.barrolee.com/aboutset/Appendix%20Notes_V.1.0.pdf, 11.10.2018 tarihinde.
  • Benhabib, J., & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), 143–173. http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bill, M., & Klenow, P. J. (2000). Does Schooling Cuase Growth? The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1160–1183.
  • Blaug, M. (1970). An Introduction to the Economics of Education. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Books.
  • Bloom, D., Canning, D., Chan, K., & Luca D. (2014). Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, 1–18.
  • Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship : What Everyone Needs to Know What Everyone Needs To Know (1st Editio). Oxford University Press.
  • Breusch, T. ., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). Lagrange Multiplier Test and to Model Applications Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. http://doi.org/10.2307/2297111.
  • Chen, Z., & Wu, Y. (2007). The relationship between education and employment: A theoretical analysis and empirical test. Frontiers of Economics in China, 2(2), 187– 211. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11459-007-0010-4.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. (2004). The relationship between output and unemployment : Evidence from Greek regions. Regional Science, 620, 611–620. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10110-004-0198-y.
  • De Meulemeester, J.-L., & Rochat, D. (1995). A causality analysis of the link between higher education and economic development. Economics of Education Review, 14(4), 351–361. http://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(95)00015-C.
  • Denison, E. . F. . (1962). The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives Before Us, 308.
  • Devarajan, S., Swaroop, V., & Zou, H. (1996). The composition of public expenditure and economic growth, 37, 313–344.
  • Doğru, B. (2013). The link between unemployment rate and real output in Eurozone : A panel error correction approach. In 9th International Strategic Management Conference (Vol. 99, pp. 94–103). Riga, Latvia: Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.475.
  • Elshamy, H. (2013). The Relationship Between Unemployment and Output in Egypt. In 1st World Congress of Administrative & Political Science (ADPOL-2012) (Vol. 81, pp. 22–26). Elsevier B.V. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.381.
  • Erdem, E., Yücel, A.G., & Köseoğlu, A. (2016). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. The Empirical Economics Letters. 15(10). 985-991.
  • Erdem, E., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2012). Higher Education and Unemployment : a cointegration and causality analysis of the case of Turkey. European Journal of Education, 47(2).
  • Filmer, D., & Fox, L. (2014). Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Africa Development Series (p. 312). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Glewwe, P., & Mai, N. I. E. (2014). The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth : A Review of the Evidence , with Special Attention and an Application to Sub-Saharan Africa, 59, 379–393. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.021.
  • Gregorio, J. De. (1992). Economic growth in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 39(1), 59–84.
  • Harris, R., & Silverstone, B. (2001). Testing for asymmetry in Okun‟s law : A crosscountry comparison. Economic. Bulletin, 5(2), 1–13.
  • Howe, W. J. (1993). The Effects of Higher Education on Unemployment Rates. In Higher Education and Economic Growth (pp. 129–143). Netherlands: Springer Netherlands
  • Jorgenson, D. W., & Fraumeni, B. M. (1992). Investment in Education and U . S . Economic Growth. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94(1992), 21.
  • Knotek, B. E. S. (2007). How Useful is Okun‟s Law? Economic Review, 4, 73–103.
  • Lal, I., Muhammad, S. D., Jalil, M. A., & Hussain, A. (2010). Test of Okun‟s Law in Some Asian Countries Co-Integration Approach. European Journal of Scientific Research, 40(1), 73–80.
  • Levine, B. R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regression. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942–963
  • Loria, E., & De Jesus, L. (2007). The Robustness of Okun‟s Law: Evidence from Mexico. A Quarterly Validation, 1–21.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(February), 3–42. http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.
  • Marinkov, M., & Geldenhuys, J.-P. (2007). Cyclical Unemployment And Cyclical Output : an Estimation of Okun ‟ S Coefficient for. South African Journal of Economics, 75(September), 373–390.
  • Milton, F., & Rose, F. (1980). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. New York.
  • Moosa, I. (2008). Economic growth and unemployment in Arab countries: Is Okun‟s law Valid?” Proceedings of the International Conference on the Unemployment Crisis in the Arab Countries. Journal of Development and Economic Policies, 10(2), 7–24.
  • Moosa, I. A. (1997). A Cross-Country Comparison of Okun‟s Coefficient. Journal of Comparative Economics, 24(3), 335–356.
  • Neely, C. J. (2010). Okun’s Law: Output and Unemployment.
  • Núñez, I., & Livanos, I. (2010). Higher education and unemployment in Europe: An analysis of the academic subject and national effects. Higher Education, 59(4), 475–487. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9260-7.
  • Oketch, M. (2006). Countries, Determinants of human capital formation and economic growth of African. Economics of Education Review, 25, 554–564.
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Business and Economics Section.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. SSRN Electronic Journal (Vol. 1229).
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Prachowny, M. F. J. (1993). Okun‟s Law: Theoretical Foundations and Revised Estimates. The Reviews of Economic and Statistics, 75(2), 331–336.
  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Woodhall, M. (1985). Education for Development: An analysis of investment choices. USA: World Bank, Oxford University Press.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22(9), 1325-1343.
  • Romer, P. (1989). Increasing Returns and New Developments in the Theory of Growth (No. 3098). Cambridge.
  • Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102. http://doi.org/10.1086/261725.
  • Rondinelli, J. D. M. and D. A. (1995). Great Policies: Strategic Innovations in Asia and the Pacific Basin.
  • Rubcova, A. (2010). Okun’s Law: Evidence from the Baltic States. Stockholm School of Economics.
  • Schultz, T. . W. . (1963). The Economic Value of Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Seetanah, B. (2009). The Economic Importance of Education : Evidence From Africa Using Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, 12(1), 137–157. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(09)60009-X
  • Sheehan, J. (1973). The Economics of Education. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  • Sögner, L. (2001). Okun's Law Does the Austrian unemployment–GDP relationship exhibit structural breaks? Empiricial Economics, 26, 553–564.
  • Sögner, L., & Stiassny, A. (2002). An analysis on the structural stability of Okun‟s law a cross-country study. Applied Economic Letter, 34(14), 1775–1787.
  • Villaverde, J., & Maza, A. (2009). The robustness of Okun‟s law in Spain,1980–2004 Regional evidence. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 289–297. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.09.003.
  • Viren, M. (2001). The Okun curve is non-linear. Economics Letters, 70(2) , 253–257.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for panel cointegration with a level break. Economics Letters, 91(1), 27–33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.10.010.

EĞİTİM VE İSTİHDAMIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 91 - 106, 31.12.2018

Öz



Kişi başı reel gayri safi yurtiçi hasılada dönemsel artış olarak tanımlanan
ekonomik büyüme, ülkelerin zenginliğinin ve refahının en temel göstergesidir.
Neden bazı ülkelerin zengin bazı ülkelerin ise yoksul olduğu iktisat biliminin
en temel araştırma konuları arasındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, eğitim ve
istihdamın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini ampirik olarak incelemektir. Bu
kapsamda Afrika kıtasının dört farklı bölgesinden temsili ikişer ülke seçilerek
toplamda sekiz Afrika ülkesinde eğitim ve istihdamın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki
etkisi 1960-2014 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Bu ülkeler, ekonomik büyüme
kalıpları, eğitim sistemleri ve emek piyasaları bakımından benzer özellikler
göstermekte olup türdeş bir nitelik arz etmektedirler. Daha özel olarak, bu
çalışmada okullaşma oranı ve istihdam seviyelerinin Afrika ülkelerinin
büyümesine ne derece katkıda bulunduğu analiz edilmektedir.



Çalışmanın uygulama kısmında ilk olarak ülkeler arasında yatay kesit
bağımlığının bulunup bulunmadığı incelenmiştir. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı
sonuçlarına göre, ikinci nesil birim kök testi CADF uygulanarak serilerin
durağanlık özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Pesaran (2007) tarafından geliştirilen
CCEMG testi ile değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişki olup olmadığı analiz
edilmiştir. CCEMG sonuçları, istihdam ve sermaye stoku değişkenlerinin Afrika
ülkeleri üzerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkisi olduğunu
göstermektedir. Diğer yandan, muhtemelen kıta ülkelerindeki eğitim kalitesinin
düşüklüğü ve eğitim sisteminin yetersizliği nedeniyle, eğitim değişkeniyle
ekonomik büyüme arasında istatistiki olarak anlamsız ve negatif bir ilişki
olduğu tespit edilmiştir.



Çalışma sonuçları, Afrika ülkelerindeki hükümetler ve politika yapıcıların
kısıtlı yurtiçi kaynakların daha fazla kısmını lise ve teknik eğitime
ayırmaları gerektiğini, Afrika ülkelerinin ekonomik büyümelerini gerek eğitim
ve gerekse de istihdam üzerinden oldukça olumsuz etkileyen yoğun beyin göçünün
azaltılması için adımlar atılması gerektiğini ve bu ülkelerde yurtiçi sermaye
birikiminin teşvik edilmesinin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme için büyük önem
arz ettiğini göstermektedir.




Kaynakça

  • Afzal, M., Rehman, H. U., Farooq, M. S., & Sarwar, K. (2011). Education and economic growth in Pakistan: A cointegration and causality analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 50(5–6), 321–335. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2011.10.004.
  • Al-Samarrai, S., & Bennell, P. (2007). Where has all the education gone in sub-Saharan Africa? employment and Other Outcomes Among Secondary School and University Leavers. Journal of Development Studies (Vol. 43). http://doi.org/10.1080/00220380701526592.
  • Arewa, A., & Nwakanma, P. C. (2012). Potential-Real GDP Relationship And Growth Process Of Nigerian Economy : An Empiriical Re- Evaluation Of Okun ‟ S Law. European Scientific Journal, 8(9), 25–33.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 403–443. http://doi.org/10.2307/2937943.
  • Barro, R. J. (2012). Education and economic growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(2), 301–328. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-0970868.92058-0.
  • Barro-Lee, Educational Attainment Dataset. (2012). Alıntılanan yer http://www.barrolee.com/aboutset/Appendix%20Notes_V.1.0.pdf, 11.10.2018 tarihinde.
  • Benhabib, J., & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), 143–173. http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bill, M., & Klenow, P. J. (2000). Does Schooling Cuase Growth? The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1160–1183.
  • Blaug, M. (1970). An Introduction to the Economics of Education. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Books.
  • Bloom, D., Canning, D., Chan, K., & Luca D. (2014). Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa, 1–18.
  • Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship : What Everyone Needs to Know What Everyone Needs To Know (1st Editio). Oxford University Press.
  • Breusch, T. ., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). Lagrange Multiplier Test and to Model Applications Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. http://doi.org/10.2307/2297111.
  • Chen, Z., & Wu, Y. (2007). The relationship between education and employment: A theoretical analysis and empirical test. Frontiers of Economics in China, 2(2), 187– 211. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11459-007-0010-4.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. (2004). The relationship between output and unemployment : Evidence from Greek regions. Regional Science, 620, 611–620. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10110-004-0198-y.
  • De Meulemeester, J.-L., & Rochat, D. (1995). A causality analysis of the link between higher education and economic development. Economics of Education Review, 14(4), 351–361. http://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(95)00015-C.
  • Denison, E. . F. . (1962). The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives Before Us, 308.
  • Devarajan, S., Swaroop, V., & Zou, H. (1996). The composition of public expenditure and economic growth, 37, 313–344.
  • Doğru, B. (2013). The link between unemployment rate and real output in Eurozone : A panel error correction approach. In 9th International Strategic Management Conference (Vol. 99, pp. 94–103). Riga, Latvia: Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.475.
  • Elshamy, H. (2013). The Relationship Between Unemployment and Output in Egypt. In 1st World Congress of Administrative & Political Science (ADPOL-2012) (Vol. 81, pp. 22–26). Elsevier B.V. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.381.
  • Erdem, E., Yücel, A.G., & Köseoğlu, A. (2016). Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. The Empirical Economics Letters. 15(10). 985-991.
  • Erdem, E., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2012). Higher Education and Unemployment : a cointegration and causality analysis of the case of Turkey. European Journal of Education, 47(2).
  • Filmer, D., & Fox, L. (2014). Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Africa Development Series (p. 312). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Glewwe, P., & Mai, N. I. E. (2014). The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth : A Review of the Evidence , with Special Attention and an Application to Sub-Saharan Africa, 59, 379–393. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.021.
  • Gregorio, J. De. (1992). Economic growth in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 39(1), 59–84.
  • Harris, R., & Silverstone, B. (2001). Testing for asymmetry in Okun‟s law : A crosscountry comparison. Economic. Bulletin, 5(2), 1–13.
  • Howe, W. J. (1993). The Effects of Higher Education on Unemployment Rates. In Higher Education and Economic Growth (pp. 129–143). Netherlands: Springer Netherlands
  • Jorgenson, D. W., & Fraumeni, B. M. (1992). Investment in Education and U . S . Economic Growth. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94(1992), 21.
  • Knotek, B. E. S. (2007). How Useful is Okun‟s Law? Economic Review, 4, 73–103.
  • Lal, I., Muhammad, S. D., Jalil, M. A., & Hussain, A. (2010). Test of Okun‟s Law in Some Asian Countries Co-Integration Approach. European Journal of Scientific Research, 40(1), 73–80.
  • Levine, B. R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regression. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942–963
  • Loria, E., & De Jesus, L. (2007). The Robustness of Okun‟s Law: Evidence from Mexico. A Quarterly Validation, 1–21.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(February), 3–42. http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.
  • Marinkov, M., & Geldenhuys, J.-P. (2007). Cyclical Unemployment And Cyclical Output : an Estimation of Okun ‟ S Coefficient for. South African Journal of Economics, 75(September), 373–390.
  • Milton, F., & Rose, F. (1980). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. New York.
  • Moosa, I. (2008). Economic growth and unemployment in Arab countries: Is Okun‟s law Valid?” Proceedings of the International Conference on the Unemployment Crisis in the Arab Countries. Journal of Development and Economic Policies, 10(2), 7–24.
  • Moosa, I. A. (1997). A Cross-Country Comparison of Okun‟s Coefficient. Journal of Comparative Economics, 24(3), 335–356.
  • Neely, C. J. (2010). Okun’s Law: Output and Unemployment.
  • Núñez, I., & Livanos, I. (2010). Higher education and unemployment in Europe: An analysis of the academic subject and national effects. Higher Education, 59(4), 475–487. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9260-7.
  • Oketch, M. (2006). Countries, Determinants of human capital formation and economic growth of African. Economics of Education Review, 25, 554–564.
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Business and Economics Section.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. SSRN Electronic Journal (Vol. 1229).
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Prachowny, M. F. J. (1993). Okun‟s Law: Theoretical Foundations and Revised Estimates. The Reviews of Economic and Statistics, 75(2), 331–336.
  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Woodhall, M. (1985). Education for Development: An analysis of investment choices. USA: World Bank, Oxford University Press.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22(9), 1325-1343.
  • Romer, P. (1989). Increasing Returns and New Developments in the Theory of Growth (No. 3098). Cambridge.
  • Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102. http://doi.org/10.1086/261725.
  • Rondinelli, J. D. M. and D. A. (1995). Great Policies: Strategic Innovations in Asia and the Pacific Basin.
  • Rubcova, A. (2010). Okun’s Law: Evidence from the Baltic States. Stockholm School of Economics.
  • Schultz, T. . W. . (1963). The Economic Value of Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Seetanah, B. (2009). The Economic Importance of Education : Evidence From Africa Using Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, 12(1), 137–157. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(09)60009-X
  • Sheehan, J. (1973). The Economics of Education. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  • Sögner, L. (2001). Okun's Law Does the Austrian unemployment–GDP relationship exhibit structural breaks? Empiricial Economics, 26, 553–564.
  • Sögner, L., & Stiassny, A. (2002). An analysis on the structural stability of Okun‟s law a cross-country study. Applied Economic Letter, 34(14), 1775–1787.
  • Villaverde, J., & Maza, A. (2009). The robustness of Okun‟s law in Spain,1980–2004 Regional evidence. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 289–297. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.09.003.
  • Viren, M. (2001). The Okun curve is non-linear. Economics Letters, 70(2) , 253–257.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for panel cointegration with a level break. Economics Letters, 91(1), 27–33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.10.010.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ekrem Erdem

Ahmed İbrahim Nageyee Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdem, E., & Nageyee, A. İ. (2018). EĞİTİM VE İSTİHDAMIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA. Bilgi Ekonomisi Ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 13(2), 91-106.