The scholarly movement in Bayt al-Maqdis in the eighteenth century through the life of the Hanafi Mufti in Jerusalem al-Taflati (d. 1191 AH / 1777 AD)

Yıl 2022, , 185 - 220, 31.12.2022

Mahmoud Alnaffar

https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.1118958

Öz

The paper sheds light on the scholarly life in the city of Bayt al-Maqdis during the Ottoman period in the 12th century AH/ 18 century CE. Exploring its dimensions in terms of fatwa, classification, education and debates; drawing attention to the links of this scholarly movement between Bayt al-Maqdis and Egypt, Bilad al-Sham, Istanbul along with the Islamic and Christian west. Additionally, the research examined the relation between the schools of jurisprudence/ fiqh on the one hand, and the relation of scholars with the rulers on the other hand. In view of the immensity of the sources on this century, due to the large number of scholars living in this era, and the diversity of their biographies, the researcher determined the field of study on the biography of Imam Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Taflati of the Maliki Mazhab and then the Hanafi Mufti of al-Quds. He is regarded as one of the most notable faces of the scholarly figures in the 12th century AH, given the large number of books, the breadth of his relationships, and the uniqueness of his life. The conversion of Imam al-Taflati from the Maliki to the Hanafi Mazhab, has become popular through the narrative of Imam Hassan ibn Abd al-Latif al-Husseini, and his transformation from averting rulers to establishing good relationship with them. According to the findings of this study, it is not sufficient to judge a personality of Imam Al-Taflati, based on this single narrative, especially since it is rather disrespectful to him. The researcher suggests that the reason for this are some grievance, injustice, and perhaps poverty were the reason behind al-Taflati desire for the position of fatwa. The researcher relied on the descriptive, analytical, and historical approach in writing this research, and concluded with many results, the most important of which are: that the 12th century AH, unlike what is entrenched in contemporary scholarly literature, it was an era of communication and openness between the juristic schools and Islamic schools. The study recommended the need to review some of the well-known beliefs in the books of the history of jurisprudence or legislation in the modern era.

Anahtar Kelimeler

al-Taflati, Scholars of Palestine, Figures of Jerusalem, Scholarly Movement, Twelfth century AH

الحركة العلمية في بيت المقدس في القرن الثاني عشر الهجري من خلال ترجمة مفتي الحنفية في القدس محمد بن محمد التافلاتي (ت 1191ﻫ/1777م)

Öz

سلّط هذا البحث الضوء على واقع الحياة العلمية في مدينة بيت المقدس في العهد العثماني في القرن الثاني عشر الهجري، وسبر أبعادها في مجالات: الإفتاء والتصنيف والتعليم والمناظرة، ولفت الأنظار إلى أمرين: صلات هذه الحركة بكلٍ من مصر والشام وإسطنبول والغربين: الإسلامي والمسيحي، وطبيعة العلاقات في المدينة بين المذاهب الفقهية بعضها مع بعض من جهة، وعلاقات العلماء بالولاة من جهة أخرى. وبالنظر إلى سعة مصادر دراسة هذا القرن، وكثرة علمائه، وتنوع سيرهم فقد حدد الباحث مجال الدراسة بترجمة الإمام محمد بن محمد التافلاتي المالكي آنذاك ثم مفتي الحنفية في القدس، وهو أحد أبرز وجوه الحياة العلمية في القرن الثاني عشر الهجري، وذلك بالنظر إلى كثرة مصنفاته، وسعة علاقاته، وفرادة سيرته. وقد شاعت رواية الإمام حسن بن عبد اللطيف الحسيني بخصوص تحول الإمام التافلاتي من المذهب المالكي إلى الحنفي ونقلته من جفوة الحكام إلى حسن الصلة بهم، وهي بحسب ما توصلت به الدراسة لا تكفي للحكم على شخصية بوزن الإمام التافلاتي، خاصة وأن روايته لهذه الحكاية تزري بالإمام، وقد رجحنا أن يكون تعرض التافلاتي للضيم والظلم وربما الفقر هو السبب وراء رغبته بمنصب الفتيا. واعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والتاريخي في كتابة هذا البحث، وخلص إلى نتائج كثيرة أهمها: أن القرن الثاني عشر الهجري وعلى عكس ما رسخ في الذاكرة العلمية المعاصرة كان عصر تواصل وانفتاح بين المذاهب الفقهية والمدارس الإسلامية. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة مراجعة بعض المقولات التي اشتهرت في كتب تاريخ الفقه أو التشريع في العصر الحديث التي كشف البحث عن خلل في بعض تعميماتها مثل: دعوى شيوع التعصب المذهبي، وغياب التسامح الفكري والمذهبي في القرون المتأخرة.

Anahtar Kelimeler

التافلاتي, علماء فلسطين, أعلام بيت المقدس, الحركة العلمية, القرن الثاني عشر, القرن الثاني عشر الهجري

Beytülmakdis’te, Hanefi Kudüs Müftüsü Taflatî (ö. 1191h/ 1777m) Üzerinden Onsekizinci Yüzyıldaki İlmi Hareket

Öz

Bu çalışma, H.12/M.18. yüzyılı Osmanlı devrinde Beytülmakdis'te ilmi hayata ışık tutmaktadır. Özellikle, fetva, sınıflandırma, eğitim ve tartışmalar boyutunda Beytülmakdis ve Mısır, Biladüşşam ile İslam ve Hristiyanlığın batısı arasında cereyan eden ilmi hareket bağlarına dikkat çekmektedir. Ek olarak, çalışma bir yandan bölgedeki fıkıh ekollerini incelerken ve öte yandan da alimlerin yöneticilerle ilişkilerini ele almaktadır. Çağımızın engin kaynakları sayesinde erişilebilen bir çok sayıda alim ve biyografi olması hasebiyle araştırmacı bunların arasından araştırma konusunu, Maliki mezhebine mensup sonradan Hanefi Kudüs Müftüsü olmuş Muhammed bin Muhammed el-Taflatî olarak sınırlandırmıştır. Kendisi, birçok eser bırakması, ilişkilerinin genişliği ve şahsına münhasır hayatı ile H. 12. yüzyıldaki ilmi şahsiyetlerin en seçkinlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. İmam Taflatinin Maliki mezhebinden Hanefi mezhebine geçmesi, İmam Hasan bin Abdüllatif el-Hüseynî tarafından nakledilen rivayetle meşhur olmuş ve kendisini yöneticilerle iyi ilişkiler kurmaktan alıkoymuştur. Bu çalışmanın ulaşmış olduğu bulgular neticesinde İmam Taflatînin kişiliğini tek bir rivayete bağlı kalarak sorgulamak doğru olmayacaktır hatta saygısızlık olacaktır. Araştırmacı bunun sebebinin şikâyet, adaletsizlik ve belki de Taflatînin fetva makamına olan iştiyakının fakirlik olabileceğini savunur. Araştırmacı; tanımlayıcı, analitik ve tarihsel yaklaşımla araştırmayı yazmış ve şu çok önemli sonuçları ortaya koymuştur: ilmi literatüre yerleşmiş olanın aksine H. 12. yüzyıl, fıkıh ekollerinin aralarında iletişim ve açıklığın olduğu bir dönemdir. Çalışma, modern dönem fetva veya yasma tarihinden bahseden kitaplarda yer alan bazı iyi bilindik inanışlara bakmayı önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

et-Tâflâtî’, Filistin Uleması, Kudüsteki Şahsiyetler, İlmi Hareket, H. 12. yüzyıl, M.18. yüzyılı, M.18. yüzyıl

Kaynakça

• Abd al-‘Aal, A. (1972). Mu‘jam al-Alfaz al-‘Amiyah Zat al-Haqiqah wal-Usul al-‘Arabiyah. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khanji.
• Abi al-Makarim, M. M. (2006). Al-Muqtadab fima wafaqa Lughat Ahl Misr min Lughat al-Arab. Cairo: Akadimiyat al-Funun.
• al-Baghdadi (1951). Hadiyat al-‘Arifin wa-Asma’ al-Mu’alifin wa-Athar al-Musanifin. Istanbul: Wakalat al-Ma’arif al-Jalilah.
• al-Baghdadi, I. P. (n.d.) fi Iydah al-Maknun fi al-Zail ‘ala Kashf al-Zunun.
• Bahdar, Sh. (2009). Mu‘jam ma Ulif fi Fada’il wa-Tarikh al-Masjid al-Aqsa. Dubai: Markaz Juma al-Majid lil-Thaqafah wal-Turath.
• Barakat, B. (n.d.) Mabahith fi al-Tarikh al-Maqdisi al-Hadith. N.p.
• Barkat, B. (2015). Fi Tarikh al-Qada’ wal-Ifta’ fi Bayt al-Maqdis. Riyadh: Markaz Faisal lil-Buhuth wal-Dirasat al-Islamiyah.
• al-Bitar, A. (1993). Hulyat al-Bashar fi Tarikh al-Qarn al-Thalith ‘Ashar. Beirut: Dar Sadir.
• al-Husseini, H. A. (1985). Tarajim ahl al-Quds fi al-Qarn al-Thani ‘Ashar. Amman: Jordan University.
• Ibn Abidin, A. M. (1995). Qurrat ‘Ayn al-’Akhyar li-Takmilat Rad al-Muhtar ‘ala al-Dur al-Mukhtar. Beirut: Dar al-Fikir.
• Ibn Abidin, M. A. (2010). Al- 'Uqūd al-La'āli fi al-Asānīd al-'Awāli al-Ma’ruf bi Thabat Ibn 'Ābidin. Beirut: Dar al-Bashair.
• Ibn Battuta, M. A. (n.d.) Tuhfat an-Nuzaar fi Garaib al-Amsar wa-‘Agaib al-Asfar. Beirut: Dar al-Sharq.
• Ibn Qutaybah, A. (1423AH). Al-Shiʿr wa al-Shuʿarāʾ. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
• Ibn Sudah, A. (1997). Ithaf al-Matali’ bi-Wafayat Alam al-Qarn al-Thalith ‘Ashar wal-Rabi’/ Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
• Imru' al-Qays, (2004). Diwan Imru' al-Qays. Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
• al-Jiburi, A. (2011). Al-Quds fi al-Ahd al-Uthmani, 1516-1640: Dirasah ‘Askariyah, Idariyah, Iqtisadiyah, Ijtimaiyah, Thaqafiyah. Amman: Dar al-Hamid.
• Kahhalah, U. R. (n.d.). Mu'jam al-Muallifin. Beirut: Maktabat al-Muthana.
• Kalaab, M. (2012). Muhaqiq Risalat Tahzir ’A‘lam al-Bashar lil-Tafilati. Beirut: Dar al-Bashair.
• al-Katani, M. A. (1982). Fahras al-Faharis wal-Athbat wa-Mu’jam al-Ma’ajim wal-Mashyakhat wal-Musalsalat. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
• al-Khalidi, A. S. (1943). Min ’A‘yan Bayt al-Maqdis fi al-Qarn al-Thani ‘Ashar al-Shaikh Muhammad al-Tafilati al-Maliki al-Hanafi. Majalat al-Thaqafah al-Misriyah, vol. 212.
• al-Khalidi, A. S. (2013). Ahl al-‘Ilm Bayn Misir wa-Filstin. Cairo: Hindawi lil-Talim wal-Thaqafah.
• Khattab, M. Sh. (2003). Qadat Fath al-Andalus. Damascus: Manar lil-Nashi wal-Tawzi.
• Mahfuz, M. (1994). Tarajim al-Mu’alifin al-Tunisiyin. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
• Mana’, A. (2007). Al-Nukhbah al-Maqdissiyah, ‘Ulama’ al-Madina wa-A‘yanha. Hawliyat al-Quds, vol. 5, spring.
• Mana’, A. (2008). Liwa’ al-Quds fi Awasit al-Ahd al-Uthmani: al-Idarah wal-Mujtama’ munzu Awasit al-Qarn al-Thamin ‘Ashar hatta Hamlat Muhammad Ali Pasha sanat 1831. Beirut: Mu’asasat al-Dirasat al-Filistiniyah.
• al-Mibrid, M. Y. (1997). Al-Kamil fi al-Lugha wal-Adab. Cairo: Dar al-Firk al-Arabi.
• Muftah, A. (2009). Adwa’ ‘ala al-Tariqah al-Khalwatiyah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
• al-Muhibbi, M. A. (n.d.). Khulasat al-Athar fi A‘yan al-Qarn al-Hadi 'Ashar. Beirut: Dar Sadir.
• al-Muradi, M. Kh. (1988) Salk al-Durar fi ’A‘yan al-Qarn al-Thani ‘Ashar. Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyah.
• Sa‘d, Q. A. (2012). ‘Alamat al-Quds wa-Muhadithuha. Majalat Qita’ Usul al-Din fi Jami’at al-Azhar, 7 (1).
• al-Sifarini, M. A. (1999). Sharh Thulatiyat Musnad Ahmad. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami.
• al-Tabrizi, Y. A. (n.d.) Sharh Diwan al-Hamasah. Beirut: Dar al-Qalam.
• Taymur Pasha, A. (2002). Mu‘jam Taymur al-Kabir. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub wal-Wathaiq al-Qawmiyah.
• Taymur Pasha, A. (2012). Mu‘jam al-Amthal al-‘Amiyah. Cairo: Hindawi lil-Ta’lim wal-Thaqafah.
• al-Tazi, A. (1997). Al-Quds wal-Khalil fo al-Rihlat al-Maghribiyah – Rihlat Ibn Uthman Namuthajan. Ribat: ISESCO
• al-Tazi, A. (2017). Husn al-Istiqsa lima Sahh wa-Thabat fi al-Masjid al-Aqsa. Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir.
• al-Ulaymi, M. (n.d.). al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds wal-Khalil. Hebron: Maktabat Dandis.
• Yashu, H. (2016). ‘Alaqat al-Magharibah bi-Filistin: al-Rihlah wal-Waqf. Doha: Wazarat al-Awqaf.
• al-Zarkali, Kh. (2002). Al-A'lam. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin.
• Zaydan, J. (2012). Tarikh Adab al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyah. Cairo: Hindawi lil-Ta’lim wal-Thaqafah