تأجيج الازدراء: سياسة الرئيس ترامب تجاه الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني

Öz

على مدى عقود، أيد الإنجيليون عموماً المرشحين الجمهوريين لكونهم أكثر التزاماً دينياً. وقد انعكس ذلك في الدعم الهائل الذي تلقاه ترامب في انتخابات عام 2016، والتي أوصلته إلى البيت الأبيض. وقد أثار نجاح ترامب مخاوف جدية بشأن حالة السياسة الأمريكية وكذلك دور أميركا المستقبلي في العالم. وتنبع الدراسة من مخاوف بشأن السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية مصحوبة بالجدل الواسع النطاق في عهد الرئيس دونالد ترامب، لا سيما بين المهتمين بالقضية الفلسطينية، والتي غذتها تصريحات الرئيس وكلماته الصادمة. وعلى الرغم من أن القادة العرب اتفقوا مع استعدادات ترامب الصريحة لمحاربة تنظيم «الدولة الإسلامية»، إلا أن الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني لا يزال انتقاداً علنياً. وفي حين يمثل ترامب سلسلة من التناقضات، فإن علاقاته الوثيقة مع إسرائيل وقرار "صفقة القرن"، جعلت السياسة في الشرق الأوسط أكثر تعقيداً لإيجاد حل عادل للأزمة. تناقش هذه الورقة سياسة ترامب الجديدة تجاه الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني وميله إلى تأجيج الازدراء بدلاً من التوصل إلى حل وسط. وتحاول الدراسة تحليل موقف الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب في ضوء علاقته الخاصة مع الإنجيليين وفهم آثارها على احتمالات الصراع في المستقبل.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• السياسة الخارجية الامريكية
• دوناد ترامب
• الصراع الاسرائيلي الفلسطيني
• الشرق الاوسط
• العلاقات الدولية
• ادارة الازمات

Fuelling Disdain: President Trump’s Policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Öz

For decades, evangelicals have generally supported Republican candidates for being more religiously committed. This was reflected in the tremendous support Trump received in the 2016 election, which brought him to the White House. Trump’s success has raised serious concerns about the state of U.S. policy as well as America’s future role in the world. The study stems from concerns about U.S. foreign policy, accompanied by widespread controversy under President Donald Trump, particularly among those interested in the Palestinian issue, which was fuelled by the President’s shocking remarks and speeches. Although Arab leaders have agreed with Trump's explicit statements of preparation to fight ISIS, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains a public criticism. While Trump represents a series of contradictions, his close ties with Israel and the ‘deal of the century’ resolution have made Middle Eastern politics more complicated and have made it more difficult to find a just solution to the crisis. This paper discusses Trump’s new policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and his tendency to fuel contempt rather than compromise. The study attempts to analyse the position of the U.S. President Donald Trump in light of his special relationship with evangelicals and to understand its implications for future conflict prospects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• U.S. Foreign Policy
• Donald Trump
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Middle East
• International Relations
• Conflict Management

Başkan Trump’ın İsrail-Filistin Çatışmasına Yönelik Küçümseme Körükleyen Politikası

Öz

Evanjelikler yıllardır cumhuriyetçi adayları daha dindar bir şekilde bağlı olduğu için destekliyorlar. Bu durum, Trump'ın 2016 seçimlerinde aldığı ve Kendisini Beyaz Saray'a getiren muazzam desteğine de yansıdı. Trump'ın başarısı, ABD politikasının durumu ve Amerika'nın dünyadaki gelecekteki rolü hakkında ciddi endişelere yol açtı. Çalışma, Başkan Donald Trump'ın, özellikle de Başkan'ın şok edici sözleri ve konuşmalarıyla körüklenen Filistin sorunuyla ilgilenenler arasında yaygın tartışmalara eşlik eden ABD dış politikasıyla ilgili endişelerden kaynaklanıyor. Arap liderler Trump'ın IŞİd'le mücadele hazırlıklarını kabul etse ler de, İsrail-Filistin çatışması kamuoyunun eleştirilerini sürdürüyor. Trump bir dizi çelişkiyi temsil ederken, İsrail ile olan yakın ilişkileri ve 'yüzyılın anlaşması' kararı, Krize adil bir çözüm bulmak için Orta Doğu siyasetini daha karmaşık hale getirdi. Bu makalede, Trump'ın İsrail-Filistin çatışmasına yönelik yeni politikası ve uzlaşma yerine küçümsemeyi körükleme eğilimi tartışılıyor. Çalışma, ABD Başkanı Donald Trump'ın evanjelistlerle olan özel ilişkisi ışığındaki tutumunu analiz etmeye ve bunun gelecekteki çatışma ihtimalleri üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya çalışıyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dis Politikasi
• Donald Trump
• Israil-Filistin catismasi
• Orta Dogu
• Uluslararasi Iliskiler
• Catisma Yonetimi

Kaynakça

1. Chollet, D. The Long Game. How Obama Defied Washington and Redefined America’s Role in the World. New York: Public Affairs, 2016; Friedman, T.L. “Iran and the Obama Doctrine,” The New York Times, 5 April 2015; Goldberg, J. “The Obama Doctrine,” The Atlantic, April 2016.
2. Nasr, V. “Trump’s Big Test in the Middle East,” The Atlantic, 25 November 2016.
3. Ahmed Sayed Ahmed, “Trump and Middle East Issues: Limits of Change,” International Policy, 22/1/2017, available at: http://www.siyassa.org.eg
4. Ekram Ziada, “The Future Position of the United States of America Toward the Palestinian Issue Under President Trump's Rule,” in: The Middle East Under American Foreign Policy Agendas, An Analytical Study of the Transition Between Obama and Trump Rule, vol. 1, Berlin / Germany, Arab Democratic Center for Strategic Studies Political, Economic, 2017, p. 19
5. Senior U.S. National Security Official. Interview, 4 November 2015. In Karna Adam et al. “Time for a Change: The Role of the United States in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”. Rockefeller Center for Public Policy, Task Force Report, Fall 2015.
6. Andrew Basevich, The American Empire: The Facts and Consequences of American Diplomacy, (Lebanon: The Arab House for Science, Beirut, first edition, 2004), p. 37.
7. Samirameen et al. Globalization and the New International System, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Lebanon: Arab Future Books Series, Beirut, 2004 edition), p. 72.
8. William J Perry, “Gulf Security and U. S Policy”, (Middle East Policy: April 1995), p. 8.

9. Stephen Walt, John Mearsheimer, The Israel Lobby and American Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007, p. 96.
10. Willian Quandt, Sudian Arabian Foreign Policy in 1985, Security and Oil, (Washington DC: Brooking Institution, 1981), pp. 138-139.
11. PJ, Vatikiotis, Op., Conflict in the Middle East, (Ruskin house, 1971), pp. 120-122.
12. Keohane, R. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 139–41, 150–81, 190–95, 202–06.
13. Khalidi, R. Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East, Boston: Beacon, 2009, pp. 6–16, 40–62, 107–11.
14. Leverett, F. and Mann Leverett, H. “The Balance of Power, Public Goods, and the Lost Art of Grand Strategy: American Policy toward the Persian Gulf and Rising Asia in the 21st Century”, Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 1:2, pp. 216–18, November 2012.
15. Mearsheimer, J. (2011), ‘Imperial by Design’, National Interest, January/ February 2011, http://nationalinterest.org/article/imperial-bydesign-4576 (accessed 22 Dec. 2016)
16. Leverett, F. and Mann Leverett, H. (2013), Going to Tehran: Why America Must Accept the Islamic Republic of Iran, New York: Metropolitan/Picador, pp. 1–11, 328–34.
17. Curran, J. (2018). “Americanism, not globalism”: President Trump and the American mission. Sydney: Lowy Institute.
18. Carol Migdalovitz. “The Middle East Peace Talks”. CRS Issue Brief for Congress, March 16, 2006. P. 3.
19. Anne Gearan, “Rice Blasts Way Iran Treats Its Own People,” Associated Press, February 4, 2005.
20. Stephen Hadley in a press Briefing, January 10, 2008, http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080110-7.html.
21. Matthew Lee, “US Readies New Mideast Peace Push,” Associated Press, January 7, 2010.
22. The American Position on the Palestinian Question ". Aljazeera.net, 7/2/2012. (Browsing Date: 17.02.02) http://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/opinions/2012/2/7/
23. Muhammad Muhammad Hussein, “American Policy in the Obama Era and its Implications for the American Role in Solving the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict.” The Arab Democratic Center, 18. July 2017. http://www.democraticac.de/?p=47804
24. Migdalovitz, Carol, “Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U. S Policy”, (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 29January 2010), pp. 2-3.
25. Joel Greenberg, “Netanyahu to Continue Campaign Against Iran Nuclear Deal,” The Wall Street Journal, 3 September 2015.
26. Trump, D. “Donald J. Trump Foreign Policy Speech,” 27 April 2016.
27. Boot, M. “Trump’s ‘America First’ Is the Twilight of American Exceptionalism,” Foreign Policy, 22 November 2016.
28. Diego Pagliarulo, “Donald Trump, the Middle East, and American Foreign Policy”. E-International Relations, 3 January 2017. https://www.e-ir.info/2017/01/03/donald-trump-the-middle-east-and-american-foreign-policy/
29. Nikola Pijovic. “How Trump Will Test International Relations Theory: Will The Realists Or The Constructivists Be Proved Right?” International Relations, Asia, the World, Nov. 2016. https://www.policyforum.net/trumpwill-test-international-relations-theory/
30. The BBC, (2017). “Trump's executive order: Who does travel ban affect?” 27 January 2017. http:// www.bbc.com/ news/ world-us-canada-38781302
31. Mahmoud Jaraba, “The Implications of a Trump Presidency for the Middle East: Crushing Hopes of a Two-State Solution”. Sada Journal, CEIP, November 09, 2016. Https://Carnegieendowment.Org/Sada/65054
32. Ian Lustick, “Could Trump’s radical approach bring peace to Israel and Palestine.” The Guardian, February 22, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/22/trump-peace-israel-palestine-two-state-solution
33. Al Jazeera. “What Would Donald Trump Mean For The Middle East? Could The Republican Candidate's Proclaimed 'Neutrality' On Israel-Palestine Offset His Rhetoric About Muslims?” 2 March 2016. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/ features/ 2016/03/donald-trump-middle-east 160302065322917.html
34. Henry Siegman. “U.S. Middle East Policy and the Peace Process”. U.S./Middle East Project, https://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Middle_East_Policy.pdf
35. Ulson Gunnar. (2017, April). “US Foreign Policy: Hegemony or Stability, Not Both,” Global Research. http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-foreign-policy-hegemony-or-stability-not-both/5582758.
36. Mahmoud Jaraba, Lehi bin Sheetrit,. “The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Trump's Perspective,” Al-Jazeera Center for Studies, December 2016. http://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/reports/2016/12/161201103017333.html
37. Ikram Ziadeh, “The Future Position of the United States on the Palestinian Issue under President Trump”. In: Hadi al-Shayeb and Samira Nasseri, Middle East under U.S. Foreign Policy Agendas (An Analysis Of The Transition Period Between Obama and Trump), Berlin, Arab Democratic Center for Strategic, Political and Economic Studies, 2017, p. 369.
38. Jeremy Bowen. “Trump's Middle East peace plan: 'Deal of the century' is huge gamble”. BBC Middle East, Washington, 29January 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51263815
39. “Times: Ibn Salman presses Abbas to accept the Trump initiative.” Al-Jazeera, (November 14, 2017). https://tinyurl.com/y3gp4csh
40. Rinehart, C. S. President Trump and Jerusalem: The Effects of the Relocation of the American Embassy on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 2, Spring 2018, 25-45.
41. Wermenbol, G. Israel-Palestine and the Deal of the Century. U.S. Foreign Policy under President Donald J. Trump 2017–2019. Washington D.C: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2019.
42. Elgindy, K. Blind Spot: America and the Palestinians, from Balfour to Trump. Washington D.C: Brookings Institutions Press, 2019.
43. TIlovska-Kechedji, E. Israeli-Palestinian Relations: Waging for Peace or Lost Desperately. International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 10, 120-130, 2018.
44. Anderson, S. R. “Trump’s Jerusalem Policy is More Ambiguous than it seems.” Foreign Policy, 11 December 2017. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/12/11/trumps-jerusalem-policy-is-more-ambiguous-than-it-seems/
45. Yemeni Suleiman. “Donald Trump's U.S. Foreign Policy Directions.” The Egyptian Institute for Political and Strategic Studies, 21 May 2016, p.5. https://tinyurl.com/y2pcsl27
46. “The Expected Policy of the Trump Administration toward the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict.” Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Qatar, (January 29, 2017). https://www.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/2017/1/29/
47. Ian Bremmer. “How the Trump Administration's Israel-Palestine Peace Plan Will Change the Middle East.” Time, 28 January 2020. https://time.com/5773138/trump-israel-palestine-peace-plan/ Ikram Ziadeh, op. cit, p. 373. “The Bahrain Conference Concludes its Work and Kushner Confirms that the Door is Open to the Palestinians.” France 24, 26 June 2019. https://tinyurl.com/yyaalrpr
48. “President receives a call from Hamas leader, Haniyeh”. Wafa News Agency, January 28, 2020. http://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/101139
49. “Trump Says His Mideast Peace Plan Provides A 'Realistic Two-State Solution'”. NPR, January 28, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/01/28/800296507/white-house-to-unveil-mideast-peace-plan-despite-palestinian-rejection
50. “What after Trump declared Jerusalem the capital of Israel?” Strategic Fiker Center for Studies, https://fikercenter.com//assets/uploads/qudos.pdf
51. Nabil Mahmoud Al-Sahli. (2017, Spring). “U.S. Administrations and the Palestinian Cause”. The Journal of Palestinian Affairs, pp. 58-73, p. 58.
52. Muhammad Khaled Al-Azar. (2018, March 12). “The Implications of Recent Israeli Decisions on Jerusalem and Its Implications", Arab Affairs Magazine, p. 86-98, p. 92.
53. “The Elders Warn New US ‘Peace’ Plan for Middle East is Unworkable”. The Elders, 29 January 2020. https://www.theelders.org/news/elders-warn-new-us-peace-plan-middle-east-unworkable