Impact of Thinning on Sexual Symmetry and Gene Diversity in Pinus brutia Ten. Plantation

Yıl 2024, , 81 - 89, 30.09.2024

Mahmut Çerçioğlu

https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.1540708

Öz

Thinning is widely used in the context of sustainable forestry, but its impact on the gene diversity of the next generation remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated some commonly proposed genetic parameters for managing gene diversity in seed orchards. In this framework, we checked whether sexual symmetry, fecundity variation, and linked metrics (i.e., effective population size and gene diversity) can be used to optimize gene diversity through thinning in production forests. We divided trees in a Brutia pine plantation in southern Türkiye into three different canopy cover classes: the control group, the moderately thinned group, and the heavily thinned group, and monitored them. The results of our research revealed the impact of thinning on genetic parameters and showed that these metrics can be used to manage gene diversity in production forests. We believe that this study can function as a prototype for future studies using different thinning intensities in various regions and for different species to determine the most appropriate thinning intensities for sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

East Mediterranean, Forest tending, Parental balance, Reproduction, Silviculture

Etik Beyan

This article has been prepared in accordance with ethical standards. The author adhered to ethical principles and standards throughout the entire process, from the design of the study to the collection, analysis and reporting of the results. There is no conflict of interest related to this study and the author has not received any financial or institutional support. Furthermore, this article has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration for publication in another journal.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank his doctoral father, Prof. Dr. Nebi Bilir, for his valuable teaching.

Kaynakça

• Adamopoulos, S., Wimmer, R., & Milios, E. (2012). Tracheid length–growth relationships of young Pinus brutia grown on reforestation sites. Iawa Journal, 33(1), 39-49.
• Arista, M., & Talavera, S. (1997). Gender Expression inAbies pinsapoBoiss., a Mediterranean Fir. Annals of Botany, 79(3), 337-342.
• Ayari, A., Moya, D., Rejeb, M. N., Garchi, S., De Las Heras, J., & Frisiras, C. T. (2011). Fructification and species conservation on Pinus halepensis Mill. forests in Tunisia: managing structure using individual tree size. In C.T. Frisiras (Ed.), Pine forests: types, threats, and management (pp. 61-80). Nova Science Publishers.
• Ayari, A., Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, A., Tomé, M., Tome, J., Garchi, S., & Henchi, B. (2012). Stand, tree and crown variables affecting cone crop and seed yield of Aleppo pine forests in different bioclimatic regions of Tunisia. Forest Systems, 21(1), 128-140.
• Bello, J., Vallet, P., Perot, T., Balandier, P., Seigner, V., Perret, S., ... & Korboulewsky, N. (2019). How do mixing tree species and stand density affect seasonal radial growth during drought events?. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 436-445.
• Bilir, N., Prescher, F., Ayan, S., & Lindgren, D. (2006). Growth characters and number of strobili in clonal seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris. Euphytica, 152, 1-9.
• Bilir, N., Çatal, Y., Tekocak, S., & Cercioglu, M. (2017). Fertility variation in endemic populations of Ehrami black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana var. pyramidata). Journal of Forestry Research, 28(4), 683-686.
• Bilir, N., & Kang, K. S. (2021). Fertility variation, seed collection and gene diversity in natural stands of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani). European Journal of Forest Research, 140(1), 199-208.
• Bulman, L. S., Bradshaw, R. E., Fraser, S., Martín‐García, J., Barnes, I., Musolin, D. L., ... & Tubby, K. (2016). A worldwide perspective on the management and control of Dothistroma needle blight. Forest Pathology, 46(5), 472-488.
• Burczyk, J., & Chalupka, W. (1997). Flowering and cone production variability and its effect on parental balance in a Scots pine clonal seed orchard. Annales des sciences forestières, 54(2), 129-144.
• Cabon, A., Mouillot, F., Lempereur, M., Ourcival, J. M., Simioni, G., & Limousin, J. M. (2018). Thinning increases tree growth by delaying drought-induced growth cessation in a Mediterranean evergreen oak coppice. Forest Ecology and Management, 409, 333-342.
• Cercioglu, M., & Cetinkaya, D. (2021a). Interaction between reproductive and growth characteristics and some genetic parameters in Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) forests. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(6B), 7735-7742.
• Chen, X., & Willis, J. L. (2023). Individuals’ behaviors of cone production in longleaf pine trees. Forests, 14(3), 494. Collins, B. M., Das, A. J., Battles, J. J., Fry, D. L., Krasnow, K. D., & Stephens, S. L. (2014). Beyond reducing fire hazard: fuel treatment impacts on overstory tree survival. Ecological Applications, 24(8), 1879-1886.
• Cramer, W., Guiot, J., & Marini, K. (2020). Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin–Current Situation and Risks for the Future. In MedECC First Mediterranean Assessment Report (p. 632). Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP: Marseille, France.
• Çerçioğlu, M., & Bilir, N. (2018). Burdur-Gölhisar Yöresi Anadolu Karaçamı [Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] Popülasyonlarında Üreme x Büyüme Özellikleri Etkileşimi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(2), 98-108.
• Çerçioğlu, M., & Çetinkaya, D. (2021b). Kızılçamda (Pinus brutia Ten.) rakım, büyüme özellikleri ve kozalak verimi ilişkisi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 22(1), 17-24.
• Ellegren, H., & Galtier, N. (2016). Determinants of genetic diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics, 17(7), 422-433.
• Genç, M. (2004). Basic Principles of Silviculture. Forestry Faculty of Suleyman Demirel University Press, Isparta.
• Google Maps, 2024. Google maps.
• Gonçalves, A. C., & Pommerening, A. (2012). Spatial dynamics of cone production in Mediterranean climates: A case study of Pinus pinea L. in Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management, 266, 83-93.
• Han, S. U., Kang, K. S., Kim, C. S., Kim, T. S., & Song, J. H. (2008). Effect of top-pruning in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis. Annals of Forest Research, 51(1), 3.
• Hevia, A., Crabiffosse, A., Álvarez-González, J. G., Ruiz-González, A. D., & Majada, J. (2018). Assessing the effect of pruning and thinning on crown fire hazard in young Atlantic maritime pine forests. Journal of environmental management, 205, 9-17.
• Jiao, S. Q., Li, M., Zhu, Y. J., Zhou, S. S., Zhao, S. W., Li, Z. C., ... & Mao, J. F. (2021). Variation in Platycladus orientalis (Cupressaceae) Reproductive output and its effect on seed orchard crops’ genetic diversity. Forests, 12(11), 1429.
• Kalies, E. L., & Kent, L. L. Y. (2016). Tamm Review: Are fuel treatments effective at achieving ecological and social objectives? A systematic review. Forest Ecology and Management, 375, 84-95.
• Kang, K. S., & Lindgren, D. (1999). Fertility variation among clones of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) and its implications on seed orchard management. Forest Genetics, 6(3), 191-200.
• Kang, K. S. (2001). Genetic gain and gene diversity of seed orchard crops. Ph. D Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Sweden.
• Kang, K. S., Bila, A. D., Harju, A. M., & Lindgren, D. (2003). Estimation of fertility variation in forest tree populations. Forestry, 76(3), 329-344.
• Kang, K. S., & Bilir, N. (2021). Seed orchards (establishment, management and genetics). CRN Promotion and Press, Ankara.
• Kang, K. S., Bilir, N., Jeon, K., & Kim, Y. J. (2023). Fertility Variation and Gene Diversity in Forest Populations. Forests, 14(11), 2172.
• Kim, Y. J., Park, J. M., Gu, D. E., Yeom, D. B., Kang, H. I., & Kang, K. S. (2024). Flowering variation and its effect on the gene diversity of seed crops in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 39(2), 119-126.
• Krannitz, P. G., & Duralia, T. E. (2004). Cone and seed production in Pinus ponderosa: a review. Western North American Naturalist, 64(2), 208-218.
• Krouchi, F., Derridj, A., & Lefèvre, F. (2004). Year and tree effect on reproductive organisation of Cedrus atlantica in a natural forest. Forest ecology and management, 197(1-3), 181-189.
• MacFarland, T. W., Yates, J. M., MacFarland, T. W., & Yates, J. M. (2016). Kruskal–Wallis H-test for oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) by ranks. In Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics for the Biological Sciences Using R (pp. 177-211). Springer.
• Matsushita, M., Nishikawa, H., Tamura, A., & Takahashi, M. (2020). Effects of light intensity and girdling treatments on the production of female cones in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.): Implications for the management of seed orchards. Forests, 11(10), 1110.
• Mencuccini, M., Piussi, P., & Sulli, A. Z. (1995). Thirty years of seed production in a subalpine Norway spruce forest: patterns of temporal and spatial variation. Forest Ecology and Management, 76(1-3), 109-125.
• Menkis, A., Östbrant, I. L., Wågström, K., & Vasaitis, R. (2016). Dutch elm disease on the island of Gotland: monitoring disease vector and combat measures. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 31(3), 237-241.
• MGM (2018). KÖPPEN-TREWARTHA İKLİM SINIFLANDIRMASINA GÖRE TÜRKİYE İKLİMİ. Ankara.
• Moreno-Fernández, D., Cañellas, I., Calama, R., Gordo, J., & Sánchez-González, M. (2013). Thinning increases cone production of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands in the Northern Plateau (Spain). Annals of Forest Science, 70, 761-768.
• Morris, J. E., Buonanduci, M. S., Agne, M. C., Battaglia, M. A., & Harvey, B. J. (2022). Does the legacy of historical thinning treatments foster resilience to bark beetle outbreaks in subalpine forests?. Ecological Applications, 32(1), e02474.
• Nguyen, T. T., Tai, D. T., Zhang, P., Razaq, M., & Shen, H. L. (2019). Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation. Journal of Forestry Research, 30, 835-845.
• OGM (2020). Türkiye Orman Varlığı. Ankara.
• Özel, H. B., & Bilir, N. (2016). Fertility variation in two populations of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani Rich.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48, 1129-1132.
• Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., ... & van Ypserle, J. P. (2014). Climate change 2014: synthesis report. In Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (p. 151). Ipcc, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Palmero-Iniesta, M., Domènech, R., Molina-Terrén, D., & Espelta, J. M. (2017). Fire behavior in Pinus halepensis thickets: Effects of thinning and woody debris decomposition in two rainfall scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management, 404, 230-240.
• Park, J. M., Kwon, S. H., Lee, H. J., Na, S. J., El-Kassaby, Y. A., & Kang, K. S. (2017). Integrating fecundity variation and genetic relatedness in estimating the gene diversity of seed crops: Pinus koraiensis seed orchard as an example. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 47(3), 366-370.
• Park, J. M., Kim, Y. J., Gu, D. E., Woo, Y., Cho, G., & Kang, K. S. (2023). Clonal fertility and heritability in strobilus production, and gene diversity of seed crops in a second-generation seed orchard of. Silvae Genetica, 72(1), 105-113.
• Prévosto, B., Monnier, Y., Ripert, C., & Fernandez, C. (2011). Diversification of Pinus halepensis forests by sowing Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens acorns: testing the effects of different vegetation and soil treatments. European Journal of Forest Research, 130, 67-76.
• RStudio Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston.
• Ruano, I., Rodríguez-García, E., & Bravo, F. (2013). Effects of pre-commercial thinning on growth and reproduction in post-fire regeneration of Pinus halepensis Mill. Annals of Forest Science, 70, 357-366.
• Saatçioğlu, F. (1971). Forest Tending. Forestry Faculty of Istanbul University Press, Istanbul.
• Sohn, J. A., Saha, S., & Bauhus, J. (2016). Potential of forest thinning to mitigate drought stress: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 380,