Yerleşim Alanlarının Yabani Memelilerin Dağılımı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Isparta Örneği

Öz

The Effect of Settlement Areas on the Distribution of Wild Mammals: Case of Isparta

Öz

This study examines the effects of settlement areas on the distribution of wild mammals. The research was conducted in the central and surrounding settlements of Isparta province, focusing on the reasons why wild animals approach settlement areas and the consequences of these interactions. Using direct and indirect observation techniques, the distribution of wild animals and their interactions with settlement areas were mapped. The impact of human activities on wild animals was evaluated through factors such as habitat loss, fragmentation, and environmental pollution. The expansion of settlements and the increasing human population are narrowing the natural habitats of wild animals, causing them to turn to settlement areas to meet their food and shelter needs. Particularly, species such as wild boars (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) entering agricultural fields cause significant damage to farmers. The study proposes various strategies for managing human-wildlife conflicts. Measures such as the use of electric fences and raising public awareness can be effective in reducing these conflicts. Additionally, the adaptation and behavioral changes of wild animals were examined. Some species avoid areas with high human density, while others may continue to live in these areas by getting accustomed to human presence. The effects on the ecosystem and conservation strategies are also an essential part of the study. Creating protected areas and preserving the natural habitats of wild animals are crucial for the sustainability of ecosystems. This study provides significant findings for wildlife management and conservation strategies by examining the distribution of wild mammals and their interactions with settlement areas in the central and surrounding areas of Isparta province. These findings, tested for wider applicability in future studies, can contribute to more effective management of human-wildlife conflicts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geostatistics
• Wildlife
• Isparta
• Habitat
• Interaction

Kaynakça

1. Alkan, H., & Ersin, M. Ö. (2018). Korunan doğal alanlarda insan-yaban hayatı çatışması. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 284-292.
2. Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
3. Baddeley, C. (1985). Assessments of Wild Animal Abundance. Protection Forestry Division, Forest Research Institute, New Zealand.
4. Bateman, P. W., & Fleming, P. A. (2012). Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. Journal of Zoology, 287(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x
5. Beşkardeş, V. (2016). Yedigöller yaban hayatı geliştirme sahasındaki iri cüsseli memeli hayvanlar ve sonbahar dönemi habitat tercihleri. Ormancılık Dergisi 12(1), 137-144.
6. Contesse, P., Hegglin, D., Gloor, S., Bontadina, F., & Deplazes, P. (2004). The diet of urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the availability of anthropogenic food in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Mammalian Biology, 69(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00123
7. Davison, J., Huck, M., Delahay, R. J., & Roper, T. J. (2008). Urban badger setts: characteristics, patterns of use and management implications. Journal of Zoology, 275(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00490.x
8. Ekinci, H., & Süel, H. (2023). Population size and structure of Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus, Erxleben); Example of Lakes Region. 21. Yüzyılda Fen ve Teknik, 10(20), 40-46.

9. Gaynor, K. M., Hojnowski, C. E., Carter, N. H., & Brashares, J. S. (2018). The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science, 360(6394), 1232-1235. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7121
10. Herr, J., Schley, L., Engel, E., & Roper, T. J. (2010). Den preferences and denning behaviour in urban stone martens (Martes foina). Mammalian Biology, 75(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2008.07.005
11. Hockings, K. J., McLennan, M. R., Carvalho, S., Ancrenaz, M., Bobe, R., Byrne, R. W., ... & Hill, C. M. (2015). Apes in the Anthropocene: flexibility and survival. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(4), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.002
12. Lavsund, S., Nygrén, T., & Solberg, E. J. (2003). Status of moose populations and challenges to moose management in Fennoscandia. Alces: A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose, 39, 109-130.
13. Leyla, S., & Oğurlu, İ. (2021). Kentsel planlamanın yaban hayatı ile ilişkilendirilmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (31), 906-915.
14. McKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
15. Mert, A., Tavuç, İ., Özdemir, S., & Ulusan, M. D. (2024). Future Responses of the Burdur Lake to Climate Change and Uncontrolled Exploitation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 1-12.
16. Moll, R. J., Cepek, J. D., Lorch, P. D., Dennis, P. M., Tans, E., Robison, T., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2019). What does urbanization actually mean? A framework for urban metrics in wildlife research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(5), 1289–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13358
17. Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 143-171.
18. Özdemir, S. (2024). Effects of environmental variables on taxonomic diversity and grouping of plant communities in the Mediterranean region (Antalya). European Journal of Forest Research, 1-12.
19. Özkazanç, N. K. (2002). Avlanma yöntem ve teknikleri. Avgünü Dergisi, 11, 44-47.
20. Özkazanç, N. K. (2012). Sökü yaban hayatı koruma alanında tespit edilen büyük memeli hayvanlar. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(21), 92-99.
21. Özkazanç, N. K., & Yigit, B. (2023). Yaban hayatı beslemesi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 56-69.
22. R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.1) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from MRAN snapshot (Son erişim tarihi: 01 Ocak 2021)
23. Rey, S. J., & Anselin, L. (2010). PySAL: A Python library of spatial analytical methods. In M. M. Fischer & A. Getis (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis (pp. 175–193). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7_11
24. Şafak, İ. (2008). Av ve Yaban Hayatı Yönetiminde Çatışmalar (Sektördeki Taraflar, Sorunları ve Sonuçları). I. Türkiye Av ve Yaban Hayatı Sempozyumu ve Sektörel Sergisi. 17-20 Nisan, Side-Antalya, 11.
25. Šálek, M., Drahníková, L., & Tkadlec, E. (2014). Changes in home range sizes and population densities of carnivore species along the natural to urban habitat gradient. Mammal Review, 44(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12027 Soulsbury, C. D., & White, P. C. L. (2015). Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities. Wildlife Research, 42(7), 541-553. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14229
26. Stillfried, M., Fickel, J., Börner, K., Wittstatt, U., Heddergott, M., Ortmann, S., ... & Kramer-Schadt, S. (2017). Do cities represent sources, sinks or refuges for wildlife populations? The case of wild boars in urban areas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(1), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12740
27. Süel, H., Akdemir, D., Ertuğrul, E. T., & Özdemir, S. (2021). Determining environmental factors affecting bird diversity. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 21(3), 244-251.
28. The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org (Son erişim tarihi: 21 Ocak 2022)
29. Ünal, Y. (2012). Yenice Fauna Raporu. https://sertifikasyon.ogm.gov.tr/ OBM Çalışmaları, Kastamonu.
30. Ünal, Y. (2019). Yaban Hayvanı Türleri ve Yaşama Ortamları Üzerindeki Kısıtlayıcı Faktörler. Mas International European Conference On Mathematics-Engineering-Natural&Medical Scıences-X. December 14-15, İzmir, 261-268.
31. Zenbilci, M., Özdemir, S., Çıvğa, A., Ünal, Y., & Oğurlu, İ. (2024). Habitat suitability modeling of wild goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) in different periods. Šumarski list, 148(5-6), 273-284.