Dünya Çam Ormanlarını Tehdit Eden Yabancı İstilacı Tür; Fusarium circinatum

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 39 - 45, 10.07.2017

Refika Ceyda Beram Funda Oskay , Ayşe Gülden Aday Kaya , Asko Lehtıjärvı , H. Tuğba Doğmuş Lehtıjärvı

Öz

Yabancı
istilacı türler, doğal yayılış alanlarının dışında bulunan ekosistemleri işgal
ederek biyolojik çeşitliliği tehdit eden türlerdir. Ekosistemlerin
fonksiyonlarını ve doğal bileşenlerini değiştiren bu türlerden, özellikle tohum
ve bitki materyali ile taşınanlar oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Tohum ile taşınan
patojenler, hastalıkların ülke bazında ve ülkeler arası yayılışında önemli bir
role sahiptir. Bu tehlikeli patojenler arasında çok sayıda Fusarium türü bulunmaktadır.

Fusarium circinatum fidanlıklarda çökertene, ormanlarda ise çam şıralı
kanserine neden olan, çam türlerinin en tehlikeli patojenlerinden birisidir. Bu
fungus, çam tohumlarını enfekte ederek, tohum ticareti yoluyla kolaylıkla uzun
mesafelere yayılış gösterebilmektedir. Doğal ve plantasyon çam ormanları için
önemli bir tehtid oluşturan bu türün, bugüne kadar 5 farklı kıtada yayılış
gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Pseudotsuga
menziesii ile birlikte en az 57 Pinus türünün çam şıralı kanserine karşı
çeşitli derecelerde duyarlı olduğu bildirilmiştir. F. circinatum, dünya genelinde çok sayıda ülkede karantina
organizması olarak listelenmiştir. Avrupa'da, karantina patojeni olarak
düzenlemeye yönelik önerilen zararlıların bulunduğu Avrupa ve Akdeniz Bitki
Sağlığını Koruma Örgütü (EPPO) A2 listesinde yer almaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra
Türkiye Bitki Karantina Yönetmeliği Ek-2A’ya göre, ülkede mevcut olmadığı halde
karantina listesine tabi tutulan bir orman patojenidir.

Dünyanın
çeşitli bölgelerinde bulunan çam ormanlarında neden olduğu büyük ölçekli
kayıplardan dolayı bu mikroorganizmanın önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Yabancı
istilacı türler ülkeye bir kere giriş yaptıktan sonra ekosistemde geri dönüşü
olmayan zararlara yol açabilmekte dolayısıyla ülke ekonomisine büyük zararlar
verebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, F.
circinatum ve diğer tüm yabancı istilacı türlere karşı kontrol önlemleri
geç kalınmadan alınmalı ve tüm dünyada uygulanmalıdır. Patojenin
epidemiyolojisini ve ekolojisini ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlamak patojenle
mücadelede önemli bir önkoşuldur. Tüm bu nedenlerden dolayı, bu çalışmada F. circinatum ile ilgili geniş kapsamlı
bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fungus, Fusarium circinatum, çam şıralı kanseri, yabancı istilacı tür

The Invasive Alien Species Threating The World Pine Forests; Fusarium circinatum

Öz

Invasive alien species are
species that threaten biological diversity by occupying ecosystems outside of
natural spreading areas. Among these invasive alien species that change the
functions and natural components of ecosystems, especially the ones that are
carried by seed and other plant material draw great attention. In pathogens,
carried by seeds, have a crucial role in spreading the diseases both
domestically and across country borders. Among the important pathogens carried
by seeds are a large number of Fusarium
species.

Fusarium circinatum is one of the most dangerous
pathogen of Pinus species, causing
damping-off in nurseries and pitch canker in forests. This aggressive fungus
may infect pine seeds and, therefore, can easily be spread long distances by
the seed trade. It is a very significant threat to natural and planted pine
forests, and to date it has invaded countries across five continents. At least
57 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are susceptible to pitch canker to varying degrees. F. circinatum
has recently been listed as a quarantine organism in numerous countries
throughout the World. In Europe, it is currently included in the European and
Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A2 list of pests recommended
for regulation as quarantine pests. In addition, according to Regulation on
Plant Quarantine Annex-2A, it is a forest pathogen subject to a quarantine list
when it is not present in the country.

The importance of this
microorganism is increasing day by day due to the large-scale losses to pine
forestry in various parts of the World. Once alien invasive pests enter the
country, they may cause irreversible damage; hence, they set government back
significant amount of money. For this reason, control measures against F. circinatum and all other invasive
species should be taken and carried out without delay in the world. A thorough
understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of the causal agent is an
important prerequisite for managing this pathogen. In this study, an extensive
search of literature dealing with F.
circinatum was performed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fungi, Fusarium circinatum, pitch canker, invasive alien species

Kaynakça

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