Glass Ceiling and Work Engagement: Higher Education in Kazakhstan

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 116, 1 - 27, 30.01.2026

Zhanar Temirbekova , H. Eray Çelik

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.8253

Öz

This study examines the relationship between women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling and their work engagement in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. The proposed theoretical model was tested using PLS-SEM. Data were collected from 274 women working in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. Women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling were examined across four dimensions (denial, resilience, resignation, and acceptance), while work engagement was measured using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The findings indicate that denial and resilience positively affect work engagement, whereas resignationand acceptance negatively affect it. The results show that women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling play an important role in shaping their level of work engagement. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of women’s beliefs about the glass ceiling and work engagement in Kazakhstan’s higher education sector.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Glass ceiling , work engagement , higher education , Kazakhstan , PLS-SEM

Etik Beyan

The ethical approval for this study was received from the Research Ethics Commission of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh – Turkish University with the reference number 02-007/01.0 on May 03, 2023.

Kazakistan Yükseköğretiminde Cam Tavan ve İşe Tutkunluk

Öz

Bu çalışma, Kazakistan’daki yükseköğretim kurumlarında kadınların cam tavan algıları ile işe tutkunlukları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Önerilen teorik model PLS-SEM yöntemi kullanılarak test edilmiş, veriler Kazakistan yükseköğretim kurumlarında çalışan 274 kadından toplanmıştır. Kadınların cam tavana ilişkin algıları inkâr, dayanıklılık, vazgeçme ve kabullenme olmak üzere dört boyutta ele alınırken, işe bağlılık Utrecht İşe Tutkunluk Ölçeği ile ölçülmüştür. Bulgular, inkâr ve dayanıklılık boyutlarının işe tutkunluğu olumlu yönde etkilediğini, vazgeçme ve kabullenme boyutlarının ise olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Genel olarak sonuçlar, kadınların cam tavan algılarının işe tutkunluk düzeylerinin şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, Kazakistan yükseköğretim sektöründe cam tavan algıları ile işe tutkunluk arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cam tavan , işe tutkunluk , yükseköğretim , Kazakistan , PLS-SEM

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi Araştırma Etik Komisyonundan, 03 Mayıs 2023 tarihli ve 02-007/01.0 referans numaralı etik onay alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

• Abbas, Farhat, et al. “Glass Ceiling Effect and Women Career: Determining Factors in Higher Education Institutions.” Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, vol. 4, no. 1, Mar. 2021, pp. 1–8, doi:10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss1-2021(1-8).
• Akbar, Shabana, et al. “Examining the Connection between Glass Ceiling Beliefs and Job Performance of Female Employees in Directorates of Education, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.” Global Economics Review, vol. VIII, no. II, June 2023, pp. 172–85, doi:10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).13.
• Alshdiefat, Ala’a Saleh, et al. “Women in Leadership of Higher Education: Critical Barriers in Jordanian Universities.” Cogent Education, vol. 11, no. 1, Jun 2024, pp. 1–21 doi:10.1080/2331186X.2024.235.7900.
• Aslan, Sinan, et al. “Determination of Glass Ceiling Barriers in Academicians.” Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, July 2023, pp. 151–59, doi:10.53424/balikesirsbd.1209515.
• Babic, Audrey, and Isabelle Hansez. “The Glass Ceiling for Women Managers: Antecedents and Consequences for Work-Family Interface and Well-Being at Work.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, Mar. 2021, pp. 1–17, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618250.
• Bakker, Arnold B., and Evangelia Demerouti. “The Job Demands‐Resources Model: State of the Art.” Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 22, no. 3, Apr. 2007, pp. 309–28, doi:10.1108/026.839.40710733115.
• Balasubramanian, Senthil Arasu, and Remya Lathabhavan. “Linking Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs and Employee Satisfaction: The Mediation of Engagement.” International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, vol. 18, no. 1/2, 2018, pp. 72-90, doi:10.1504/IJHRDM.2018.092288.
• Balasubramanian, Senthil Arasu, and Remya Lathabhavan. “Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs Predict Work Engagement and Burnout.” Journal of Management Development, vol. 36, no. 9, Oct. 2017, pp. 1125–36, doi:10.1108/JMD-12-2016-0282.
• Baxter, Janeen, and Erik Olin Wright. “The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis.” Gender & Society, vol. 14, no. 2, Apr. 2000, pp. 275–94, doi:10.1177/089.124.300014002004.
• Bayati, Houri, and Azam Alavi. “Relationship of Glass Ceiling and Mental Health with Burnout in Women Working in Khansar and Golpayegan Health Care Networks in 2018.” Social Behavior Research & Health, vol. 2, no. 2, Jan. 2018, pp. 265–74, doi:10.18502/sbrh.v2i2.288.
• Begeny, Christopher T., et al. “In Some Professions, Women Have Become Well Represented, yet Gender Bias Persists—Perpetuated by Those Who Think It Is Not Happening.” Science Advances, vol. 6, no. 26, June 2020, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba7814.
• Biju, Seena, et al. “Perceived Barriers to Career Progression amongst Female Students: Evidence from India and the United Arab Emirates.” Gender in Management, vol. 36, no. 6, 2021, pp. 697–713, doi:10.1108/GM-06-2020-0197.
• Bülbül, Serap. “Glass Ceiling in Academia Revisited: Evidence from the Higher Education System of Turkey.” International Journal of Sociology, vol. 51, no. 2, 2021, pp. 87–104, doi:10.1080/00207.659.2021.1881872.
• Buyrukoğlu, Erhan, et al. “A Study on Glass Ceiling Printing in Working Women.” The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports (TOJRAS), vol. 12, no. 4, 2023, pp. 846–51, doi:10.22282/tojras.1325911.
• Can, Esin, et al. “Akademisyenlerde Cam Tavan Sendromunun Güç Mesafesi ile İlişkisi.” Öneri Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 50, July 2018, pp. 52–64, doi:10.14783/maruoneri.v13i38778.383151.
• Cotter, David A., et al. “The Glass Ceiling Effect.” Social Forces, vol. 80, no. 2, University of North Carolina Press, 2001, pp. 655–82, doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0091.
• Dash, Ganesh, and Justin Paul. “CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM Methods for Research in Social Sciences and Technology Forecasting.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 173, Aug. 2021, pp. 1–11, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092.
• Davidson, Marilyn J., and Cary L. Cooper. Shattering the Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manager. Paul Chapman Publishing, 1992.
• Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Strategy for Gender Equality in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2016. 29 Nov. 2005, https://www.akorda.kz/upload/nac_komissiya_po_delam_zhenshin/5.2%20СГР%20англ.pdf.
• Dreher, George F. “Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Effects of Sex Ratios and Work-Life Programs on Female Leadership at the Top.” Human Relations, vol. 56, no. 5, May 2003, pp. 541–62, doi:10.1177/001.872.6703056005002.
• D’sa, Reshma, et al. “A Study on Effects of Glass Ceiling on Women Career Development in Academia with Special Reference to HEI’s in Ibra.” Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 11, no. 01, 2023, pp. 232–42, doi:10.4236/jss.2023.111018.
• Francis, Lyn, and Virginia Stulz. “Barriers and Facilitators for Women Academics Seeking Promotion: Perspectives from the Inside.” Australian Universities’ Review, vol. 62, no. 2, 2020, pp. 47–60, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1267572.pdf.
• Griffiths, Vivienne. “Lest We Forget: Foundational Women for Historically and Social Responsive Women.” Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, no. 1(1), Feb. 2012, pp. 70–94, doi:10.4471/generos.2012.04.
• Hair, Joseph. F., et al. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. 1st ed., Springer Cham, 2021, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7.
• Hair, Joseph, F., et al. “When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM.” European Business Review, vol. 31, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 2–24, doi:10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.
• Hanek, Kathrin J., and Stephen M. Garcia. “Barriers for Women in the Workplace: A Social Psychological Perspective.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol. 16, no. 10, Oct. 2022, pp. 1–14, doi:10.1111/spc3.12706.
• Harden-Wolfson, E., and Lyazzat Shakirova. “Current and Emerging Issues in Gender Equality in Education: What Does the Data Tell Us?” Gender and Education in Central Asia. Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education, edited by A. Kuzhabekova et al., Palgrave Macmillan, 2025, pp. 47–75, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75301-5_3.
• Harden-Wolfson, E., and Lyazzat Shakirova. “Data on Female Rectors: Some Positive News from Kazakhstan.” University World News, edited by Aliya Kuzhabekova et al., 14 Mar. 2025, https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=202.503.12135558613.
• Henseler, Jörg, et al. “A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 43, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 115– 35, doi:10.1007/s11747.014.0403-8.
• Henseler, Jörg, et al. “Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines.” Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol. 116 no. 1, 2016, pp. 2–20, doi:10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382.
• Hernández, Pedro J. “Gender Earnings Gap and Glass Ceiling at Spanish Universities.” Cogent Education, vol. 11, no. 1, Mar. 2024, pp. 1–14, doi:10.1080/2331186X.2023.229.4431.
• Hou, Yuzhen. “Gender Inequality in High Education.” Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Sport Science, Education and Social Development (SSESD 2022), Atlantis Press SARL, Nov. 2022, pp. 74–81, doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-13-8_10.
• Hymowitz, Carol, and Timothy D. Schellhardt. “The Glass Ceiling: Why Women Can’t Seem to Break the Invisible Barrier That Blocks Them from the Top Jobs.” The Wall Street Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, Mar. 1986, pp. 1573–92.
• İnce Yenilmez, Meltem. “Gender Inequality in Labor Force Participation in Turkey: Closing the Gender Gap?” Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 17, no. 3, Sept. 2019, pp. 40–51, doi:10.11611/yead.556291.
• Jackson, Jerlando F. L., and Elizabeth M. O’Callaghan. “What Do We Know about Glass Ceiling Effects? A Taxonomy and Critical Review to Inform Higher Education Research.” Research in Higher Education, vol. 50, no. 5, Aug. 2009, pp. 460–82, doi:10.1007/s11162.009.9128-9.
• Jackson, Jerlando F. L., et al. “Editors’ Notes, Special Issue: Measuring Glass Ceiling Effects in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges.” New Directions for Institutional Research, vol. 2013, no. 159, July 2014, pp. 1–12, doi:10.1002/ir.20049.
• Jahangirov, Naide. An Empirical Study on Relationship Between Power Distance and Glass Ceiling as a Cultural Dimension. Master's Thesis. Ankara University, Feb. 2012, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=hNn3qut79OntPujhmJ0YNw&no=usWf7cK8p5s6sTX-LN5vGw.
• Javadizadeh, Bahareh, et al. “What’s the Point in Even Trying? Women’s Perception of Glass Ceiling Drains Hope.” Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 164, no. 4, 2024, pp. 488–510, doi:10.1080/00224.545.2022.2119121.
• Karyotaki, Maria, et al. “Women’s Leadership via Digital Technology and Entrepreneurship in Business and Society.” Technium Social Sciences Journal, vol. 28, Feb. 2022, pp. 246–52, doi:10.47577/tssj.v28i1.5907.
• Kazykhankyzy, Lazura, et al. “Glass Ceiling Beliefs: Kazakh Women in Higher Education.” Educational Process International Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1–20, doi:10.22521/edupij.2025.14.41.
• Khalid, Komal, and Saima Aftab. “Women’s Glass-Ceiling Beliefs and Their Perceived Career Progression: A Tale of Two Countries.” Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, vol. 36, no. 3, 2023, pp. 1– 22, doi:10.1080/1331677X.2023.218.8914.
• Khalid, Saddam, and Tomoki Sekiguchi. “The Mediating Effect of Glass Ceiling Beliefs in the Relationship between Women’s Personality Traits and Their Subjective Career Success.” NTU Management Review, vol. 29, no. 3, Dec. 2019, pp. 193–220, doi:10.6226/NTUMR.201912_29(3).0006.
• Khosla, Irene. “Gender Differences in Perceptions about Glass Ceiling and Affective Commitment in the Banking Sector.” International Journal of Applied Research, vol. 7, no. 8, July 2021, pp. 398–405, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354293860.
• Kuzhabekova, Aliya, et al. “Situating Gender and Education in Central Asia: An Introduction.” Gender and Education in Central Asia. Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education, edited by A. Kuzhabekova et al., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2025, pp. 3–17, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75301-5_1.
• Lahiri, Moon Moon, et al. “Perceived ‘Glass Ceiling’ Dimensions of Women’s Career Advancement at Higher Education Institutions: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.” MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends and Practices, May 2023, pp. 48–63, doi:10.52634/mier/2023/v13/i1/2352.
• Lathabhavan, Remya. “Glass Ceiling Beliefs, Performance, and Turnover Intention through Work Engagement.” International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, vol. 5, no. 4, 2019, pp. 304–321, doi:10.1504/ijewe.2019.100.29235.
• Lathabhavan, Remya. “Psychological Aspects of Women’s Career Growth Constraints and Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study from India.” Australian Journal of Career Development, vol. 29, no. 3, Oct. 2020, pp. 173–84, doi:10.1177/103.841.6220935862.
• Leiter, Michael P., and Arnold B. Bakker. “Work Engagement.” Work Engagement A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, edited by Arnold B. Bakker and Michael P. Leiter, Psychology Press, 2010, pp. 1–205, doi:10.4324/978.020.3853047.
• Llorens, Anaïs, et al. “Gender Bias in Academia: A Lifetime Problem That Needs Solutions.” Neuron, vol. 109, no. 13, July 2021, pp. 2047–74, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.002.
• Luke, Carmen. “Academic Career Paths: Women in Senior Management in Malaysian Higher Education.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education, vol. 21, no. 2, Jan. 2001, pp. 52–75, doi:10.1080/02188.791.2001.10600194.
• Manzi, Francesca. “Are the Processes Underlying Discrimination the Same for Women and Men? A Critical Review of Congruity Models of Gender Discrimination.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, Mar. 2019, pp. 1–16, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00469.
• Manzi, Francesca, and Madeline E. Heilman. “Breaking the Glass Ceiling: For One and All?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Nov. 2020, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1037/pspa0000260.
• Masood, Samar, et al. “A Study of Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs and Turnover Intentions in Relation with OSE.” Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 5, 2021, pp. 43–54, doi:10.33152/jmphss-5.3.5.
• Mattis, Mary C. “Women Entrepreneurs: Out from under the Glass Ceiling.” Women in Management Review, vol. 19, no. 3, Apr. 2004, pp. 154–63, doi: 10.1108/096.494.20410529861.
• Mbuli, Thulisile, and Ntandoyenkosi Sibindi. “Staring at the Glass Ceiling: A South African Lived Experience.” International Journal of Interdisciplinary Organizational Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, 2023, pp. 117–38, doi:10.18848/2324-7649/CGP/v18i02/117-138.
• Messaoud, Olfa, and Rana Dajani. “Women in Science: What Are the Barriers for Women in Senior Career Positions.” Advances in Applied Sociology, vol. 11, no. 10, 2021, pp. 492–99, doi:10.4236/aasoci.2021.111.0043.
• Min, Sewon, and Borham Yoon. “The Role of Glass Ceiling Perception on Work Engagement and Service Orientation Behavior among Female Hotel Employees.” Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 20, no. 4, 2021, pp. 497–511, doi:10.1080/15332.845.2021.1959799.
• Ministry of Science and Higher Education of The Republic of Kazakhstan. National Science Report. 2024, https://en.qazscience.gov.kz/science-kazakhstan/informational-analytical-survey/gylym- jonindegi-ulttyq-baiandama/.
• Mohammadkhani, Fatemeh, and Dariush Gholamzadeh. “The Influence of Leadership Styles on the Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs.” Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2016, pp. 276–82, doi:10.12720/joams.4.4.276-282.
• Mott, Helen. Gender Equality in Higher Education: Maximising Impacts. British Council 2022/M024, March 2022, https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/gender_equality_in_higher_education_report.pdf.
• Mukhina, Zinara Z. “Without Noticing the Glass Ceiling: Women in the Leadership of Higher Education in Russia.” Tractus Aevorum, vol. 10, no. 1, Mar. 2023, doi:10.18413/2312-3044-2023-10-1-34-48.
• Pandurangan, Nisha, and Vasumathi Arumugam. “Personality Traits, Glass Ceiling Beliefs and Their Impact on the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of Women Advocates.” Multidisciplinary Reviews, vol. 7, no. 5, May 2024, pp. 1–15, doi:10.31893/multirev.2024092.
• Pereira, Xuxa S., and Pola Q. Wang. “Glass Ceiling with Obstacles: A Study of Work Engagement and Work Empowerment of Women in the Hospitality Industry of New Zealand.” Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, vol. 24, no. 2, 2025 (Published online: 28 Nov 2024), pp. 323–43.
• doi:10.1080/15332.845.2025.2432651. Perry, L. Jason, and Aaron Livingston. “Breaking the Glass: The Perception of Gender Disparity from Future Sport Professionals.” Athens Journal of Sports, vol. 10, no. 3, 2023, pp. 133–44, doi:10.30958/ajspo.10-3-1.
• Peterson, Helen. “An Academic ‘Glass Cliff’? Exploring the Increase of Women in Swedish Higher Education Management.” Athens Journal of Education, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan. 2014, pp. 33–44, doi:10.30958/aje.1-1-3.
• Phillips, Shanda. The Impact of Attribution Theory on Information Technology Professionals’ Perceptions of Glass Ceilings. Doctoral Dissertation. Gardner-Webb University, June 2023, https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/business-dissertations/5.
• Roman, Michelle. ScholarWorks Relationships Between Women’ s Glass Ceiling Beliefs, Career Advancement Satisfaction, and Quit Intention. Doctoral Dissertation. Walden University, May 2017, https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations.
• Sarıoğlu, Banu Z. Glass Ceeling Syndrome: Scale Adaptation Study and an Analysis in Terms of Demographic Variables. Master's Thesis. Bahçeşehir University, Social Science, Aug. 2018, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=ypcdiR5ydOI-3qgYjAeLDg&no=tKrKA9PcFM5N0RqjBGEUMg.
• Schaufeli, Wilmar B., et al. “The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study.” Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 66, no. 4, 2006, pp. 701–16, doi:10.1177/001.316.4405282471.
• Schaufeli, Wilmar B., and Arnold B. Bakker. “Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 25, no. 3, May 2004, pp. 293–315, doi:10.1002/job.248.
• Sel, Burcu, and Mehmet Arif Bozan. “A q Method Study on Gender (in)Equality in Faculties of Education in Turkey: ‘The Glass Ceiling Is Everywhere!’” Participatory Educational Research, vol. 11, no. 1, 2024, pp. 227–46, doi:10.17275/per.24.14.11.1.
• Sever, Hanifi. “The Comparison of Glass Ceiling Perception of Employees Working in Public and Private Enterprises.” American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, vol. 06, no. 05, 2016, pp. 577–88, doi:10.4236/ajibm.2016.65054.
• Sia, Surendra Kumar, et al. “Gender Discrimination and Work Engagement: Moderating Role of Future Time Perspective.” South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, vol. 2, no. 1, June 2015, pp. 58–84, doi:10.1177/232.209.3715577443.
• Silander, Charlotte, et al. “Nordic Research on Gender Equality in Academic Careers: A Literature Review.” European Journal of Higher Education, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, pp. 72–97, doi:10.1080/21568.235.2021.1895858.
• Sharma, Sakshi, and Rajavir Kaur. “Glass Ceiling for Women and Work Engagement: The Moderating Effect of Marital Status.” FIIB Business Review, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 132–146. doi: 10.1177/231.971.4519845770.
• Smith, Paul, Peter Caputi, et al. “How Are Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs Related to Career Success?” Career Development International, vol. 17, no. 5, Sept. 2012, pp. 458–74, doi:10.1108/136.204.31211269702.
• Smith, Paul, Nadia Crittenden, et al. “Measuring Women’s Beliefs about Glass Ceilings: Development of the Career Pathways Survey.” Gender in Management: An International Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, Mar. 2012, pp. 68–80, doi:10.1108/175.424.11211214130.
• Stamarski, Cailin S, and Leanne S Son Hing. “Gender Inequalities in the Workplace: The Effects of Organizational Structures, Processes, Practices, and Decision Makers’ sexism.” Frontiers in psychology, vol. 6, Sep. 2015, pp. 1-20, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400.
• Son Hing, Leanne S., et al. “Gender inequities in the workplace: A holistic review of organizational processes and practices.” Human Resource Management Review, vol. 33, no. 3, 2023, pp. 1–25, doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2023.100968.
• Sunaryo, Sinto, et al. “Leader-Member Exchange and Glass Ceiling: The Effects on Career Satisfaction and Work Engagement.” Cogent Business and Management, vol. 11, no. 1, 2024, doi:10.1080/23311.975.2024.2336285.
• Tabassum, Naznin, and Bhabani Shankar Nayak. “Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective.” IIM Kozhikode Society and Management Review, vol. 10, no. 2, July 2021, pp. 192–208, doi:10.1177/227.797.5220975513.
• Titili, Denisa, et al. “Gender Mainstreaming in Albanian Higher Education Institutions.” Women’s Studies International Forum, vol. 103, Mar. 2024, pp. 1–7, doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102888.
• Uysal, H. Tezcan, and Murat Ak. “Invisible Barriers in Career Processes: Glass Ceiling Syndrome and Career Anchors.” Agathos: An International Review of the Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2(21), 2020, pp. 255–85, www.agathos-international-review.com.
• Valencia, Edgar. “Gender-Biased Evaluation or Actual Differences? Fairness in the Evaluation of Faculty Teaching.” Higher Education, vol. 83, no. 6, June 2022, pp. 1315–33, doi:10.1007/s10734.021.00744-1.
• Weyer, Birgit. “Twenty Years Later: Explaining the Persistence of the Glass Ceiling for Women Leaders.” Women in Management Review, vol. 22, no. 6, 2007, pp. 482–96, doi:10.1108/096.494.20710778718.
• Williams, Damon A. “Organizational Learning as a Framework for Overcoming Glass Ceiling Effects in Higher Education.” New Directions for Institutional Research, vol. 2013, no. 159, July 2014, pp. 75–84, doi:10.1002/ir.20055.
• Wirth, Linda. Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management. International Labour Office, 2001, https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_102_engl.pdf.
• Xiao, Yunyu, et al. “Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Unveiling Women’s Representation by Gender and Race in the Higher Education Hierarchy.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, Dec. 2023, pp. 1–7, doi:10.1057/s41599.023.02481-5.
• Yamagata, Hisashi, et al. “Sex Segregation and Glass Ceilings: A Comparative Statics Model of Women’s Career Opportunities in the Federal Government over a Quarter Century.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 103, no. 3, Nov. 1997, pp. 566–632, doi:10.1086/231251.