Influence of Turkic North Pole Star Tradition on Chinese Culture

Öz

Considered as the rotation axis of the northern celestial hemisphere, north pole star was called altun qazŋuq “gold stake” in OT (Old Turkic). The article finds that Turkic north pole star tradition exerted its influence on Chinese culture twice. At the first time, the Chinese transcribed OT qazŋuq into gōzhèn (勾陳) in the Warring States period. And at the second time, the transmission took place in the Qing dynasty, when the government tried to confirm that the huge rock called altan γadasu in Mongolian was the origin of the Yellow River, the Mongolian translation of OT altun qazŋuq was translated into “gold north pole star” (黃金北極星).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• North pole star
• Turkic-Chinese transcription
• astronomy
• qazŋuq
• Yellow River

Proje Numarası

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: CSQ24044); the Teaching Research Project of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: JYX24005)

Etik Beyan

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: CSQ24044); the Teaching Research Project of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: JYX24005); and the Key Research Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education (Grant Number: 22JZD024). An initial draft of this work was read at the 12th Conference on the History of Science, Hsinchu Tsinghua University, Mar. 2021.

Türk Kuzey Kutup Yıldızı Geleneğinin Çin Kültürüne Etkisi

Öz

Kuzey gök yarım küresinin dönüş ekseni olduğu kabul edilen kuzey kutup yıldızına Eski Türkçede altun qazuq “altın kazık” deniyordu. Bu makale, Türk kuzey kutup yıldızı geleneğinin Çin kültürü üzerinde iki önemli etkisi olduğunu anlatmaktadır. İlk etkisi, Çinlilerin eski Türkçedeki qazŋuqu Savaşan Devletler döneminde gōzhèn (勾陳) olarak kullanmaya başlaması ile görülmüştür. İkinci etkisi, Qing hanedanlığı döneminde, hükümetin Moğolcada altan γadasu olarak adlandırılan devasa kayanın Sarı Nehir’in kökeni olduğunu doğrulamaya çalıştığı dönemde görülmüştür. Bu dönemde Eski Türkçedeki altun qazuqun Moğolca çevirisi “altın kuzey kutup yıldızı” (黃金北極星) olarak yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuzey kutup yıldızı
• Türk-Çin transkripsiyonu
• astronomi
• qazŋuq
• Sarı Nehir

Proje Numarası

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: CSQ24044); the Teaching Research Project of South-Central Minzu University (Grant Number: JYX24005)

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Güney-Orta Minzu Üniversitesi’nin Merkezi Üniversiteler için Temel Araştırma Fonları (Proje No: CSQ24044); Güney-Orta Minzu Üniversitesi Öğretim Araştırma Projesi (Proje No: JYX24005); ve Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Kilit Araştırma Projesi (Proje No: 22JZD024) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın ilk taslağı Mart 2021’de Hsinchu Tsinghua Üniversitesi 12. Bilim Tarihi Konferansı’nda sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

1. al-Kāšġarī, Maḥmūd 麻赫默德·喀什噶里. Tujueyu Dacidian Juan 1 突厥語大詞典卷1. Trans. He Rui 何銳, Ding Yi 丁一, Xiao Zhongyi 校仲彝 and Liu Jingjia 劉靜嘉. Minzu Chubanshe 民族出版社, 2002.
2. al-Kāšġarī, Maḥmūd 麻赫默德·喀什噶里. Tujueyu Dacidian Juan 2 突厥語大詞典卷2. Trans. Xiao Zhongyi 校仲彝 and Liu Jingjia 劉靜嘉. Minzu Chubanshe 民族出版社, 2002.
3. al-Kāšġarī, Maḥmūd 麻赫默德·喀什噶里. Tujueyu Dacidian Juan 3 突厥語大詞典卷3. Trans. Xiao Zhongyi 校仲彝. Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社, 2002.
4. Ban, Gu 班固. Han Shu 漢書. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1986.
5. Bi, Xun 畢樳. “Tujueyu Minzu Shenhua Gaishu.” 突厥語民族神話概述. Tujue Yuyan yu Wenhua Yanjiu 突厥語言與文化研究, vol. 2, 1997, pp. 301-322.
6. Cai, Tao 蔡絛. Tiewei Shan Congtan 鐵圍山叢談. Zhonghua shuju 中華書局, 1983.
7. Cai, Yong 蔡邕. Cai Yong Ji Biannian Jiaozhu 蔡邕集編年校注. Ed. Deng Ansheng 鄧安生. Hebei Jiaoyu Chubanshe 河北教育出版社, 2002.
8. Chen, Zungui 陳遵嬀. Zhongguo Tianwenxue Shi 中國天文學史. Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe 上海人民出版社, 2016.

9. Clauson, Gerard. “Early Turkish Astronomical Terms.” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol. 35, no. d, 1964, pp. 350-368.
10. Clauson, Gerard. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford University Press, 1972.
11. Dongfang, shuo 東方朔. “Shi Zhou Ji Xu.” 十洲記序 Quan Shanggu Sandai Qin Han Sanguo Liuchao Wen: Quan Han Wen 全上古三代秦漢三國六朝文· 全漢文. Ed. Yan Kejun 嚴可均. Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局, 1991, 25: 267.
12. Duan, Lianqin 段連勤. Dingling, Gaoche yu Tiele 丁零、高車與鐵勒. Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe 上海人民出版社, 1988.
13. Fang, Xuanling 房玄齡. Jin Shu 晉書. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1980.
14. Feng, Lisheng 馮立升, and Li di 李迪. “Dui Yuan Dushi Kaocha Heyuan Jige Wenti de Xin Renshi.” 對元都實考察河源幾個問題的新認識. Zhongguo Keji Shiliao 中國科技史料vol. 15, no. 4, 1994, pp. 65-69.
15. Gan, Gong 甘公, and Shi Shen石申. Xing Jing星經. Ming Wanli Xin’an Chengshi Han Wei Congshu keben 明萬曆新安程氏《漢魏叢書》刻本, 1573-1620.
16. Gautama, Siddha 瞿曇悉達. Tang Kaiyuan Zhan Jing 唐開元占經. Qing Wen Yuan Ge Si Ku Quanshu ben 清文淵閣《四庫全書》本, 1616-1911.
17. Geng, Shimin 耿世民. Gudai Tujue Wen Beiming Yanjiu 古代突厥文碑銘研究. Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe 中央民族大學出版社, 2005.
18. Geng, Shimin 耿世民. Huihuwen Hamiben Mile Huijianji Yanjiu 回鶻文哈密本《彌勒會見記》研究. Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe 中央民族大學出版社, 2008.
19. Geng, Shimin 耿世民. Wugusi Kehan de Chuanshuo 烏古斯可汗的傳說. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe 新疆人民出版社, 1980.
20. Gu, Guolin 顧國林. “Hanyu Ziyin Dili Fenbu Chaxun.” 漢語字音地理分佈查詢, http://www.kaom.net/si_word.php. Accessed on 7 July 2021.
21. Hamilton, James Russell. Le conte Bouddhique du bon et du mauvais prince en version Ouïgoure. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1971.
22. Heying 和瑛. Yijian Zhai Shichao 易簡齋詩鈔. Qing Daoguang keben 清道光刻本, 1821-1850.
23. Hirth, Friedrich. The Ancient History of China. The Columbia University Press, 1911.
24. Hu, Linyi 胡林翼. Hu Linyi Quanji胡林翼全集. Ed. Shen Zhuoran 沈卓然, and Zhu Jincai 朱晉材. Dadong shuju 大東書局, 1936.
25. Ji, Yun 紀昀. Qinding Heyuan Jilüe 欽定河源紀略. Qing Wenyuange Si Ku Quanshu ben 清文淵閣《四庫全書》本, 1616-1911.
26. Jiang, Zhaozhong 姜照中, and Wang Lei 王磊. “Qingchao Manyu Xingming de Yuanqi: Yi Gaozong Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian Wei Kaocha Fanwei” 清朝滿語星名的緣起：以高宗《御製五體清文鑑》為考察範圍.” Kexue Shi Tongxun 科學史通訊, no. 44, 2020, pp. 29-52.
27. Kātyāyaniputra 迦旃延子. Apitan Piposha Lun 阿毘曇毘婆沙論. Trans. Buddhavarma 浮陀跋摩, and Daotai 道泰. Yongle Be Zang Di 111 Ce 永樂北藏第111冊. Ed. Zhao Puchu 趙樸初. Xianzhuang Shuju 線裝書局, 2000.
28. Li, Yanshou 李延壽. Bei Shi 北史. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1980.
29. Li, Yong-Sŏng. “Some Star Names in Modern Turkic Languages-I.” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı-Belleten, vol. 62, no. 1, 2014, pp. 121-156.
30. Liang, Yusheng 梁玉繩. Shi Ji Zhiyi 史記志疑. Qing Guangya Shuju Congshu ben 清廣雅書局叢書本, 1616-1911.
31. Lin, Liantong 林連通, and Zhengzhang Shangfang 鄭張尚芳, eds. Hanzi Ziyin yanbian dazidian 漢字字音演變大字典. Jiangxi jiaoyu chubanshe 江西教育出版社, 2012.
32. Liu, Hui 劉惠. “1782 Nian Amida Fengming Kancha Huanghe Heyuan Shishi Kao.” 1782年阿彌達奉命勘察黃河河源史實考. Zhongguo Lishi Dili Luncong 中國歷史地理論叢, vol. 34, no. 1, 2019, pp. 15-25.
33. Liu, Hui 劉惠. “Qianlong Chao Chonggou Huanghe Heyuan de Shijian yu Guojia Rentong.” 乾隆朝重構黃河河源的實踐與國家認同. Qinghua Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) 清華大學學報（哲學社會 科學版）, vol. 33, no. 2, 2018, pp. 147-154.
34. Liu, Xiang 劉向. Shuo Yuan 說苑. Shangwu Yinshuguan 商務印書館, 1988.
35. Liu, Xu 劉昫. Jiu Tang Shu 舊唐書. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1981.
36. Liu, Yuan 劉沅. Shu Jing Heng Jie 書經恒解. Shisan Jing Heng Jie Juan 4 十三經恒解卷4. Ed. Tan Jihe 譚繼和, and Qi Hehui 祁和暉. Bashu shushe 巴蜀書社, 2016.
37. Lu, Tian 陸佃. He Guan Zi Jie 鶡冠子解. Minguo Sibu Congkan ying Ming fan Song ben 民國四部叢刊景明翻宋本, 1911-1949.
38. Ma, Changshou 馬長壽. Beidi yu Xiongnu 北狄與匈奴. Shenghuo Dushu Xinzhi Sanlian Shudian 生活·讀書·新知三聯書店, 1962.
39. Mao, Yuanyi 茅元儀. Wu Bei Zhi 武備志. Ming Tianqi keben 明天啟刻本, 1621-1627.
40. Niu, Zhongxun 鈕仲勛. “Huanghe Heyuan Kaocha he Renshi de Lishi Yanjiu.” 黃河河源考察和認識的歷史研究. Zhongguo Lishi Dili Luncong 中國歷史地理論叢, no. 4, 1988, pp. 39-49.
41. Norman, Jerry. “The Initials of Proto-Min.” Journal of Chinese Linguistics, vol. 2, no. 1, 1974, pp. 27-36.
42. Pan, Nai 潘鼐. Zhongguo Hengxing Guance Shi 中國恆星觀測史. Xuelin Chubanshe 學林出版社, 2009.
43. Pan, Wuyun 潘悟雲. Hanyu Lishi Yinyun Xue 漢語歷史音韻學. Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe 上海教育出版社, 2000.
44. Qi, Mingrong 祁明榮, ed. Huanghe Yuantou Kaocha Wenji 黃河源頭考察文集. Renmin Chubanshe 青海人民出版社, 1982.
45. Ruan, Yuan 阮元, ed. Lun Yu Zhu Shu 論語注疏. Yiwen Yinshuguan 藝文印書館, 1965.
46. Shen, Yuan 沈源, and Mao Biyang 毛必揚. “Qinggong Manwen Shige de Yunlü.” 清宮滿文詩歌的韻律. Man-Tonggusiyu Yanyu Wenxue Zongjiao Yanjiu 滿-通古斯語言與文學宗教研究. Ed. Tang Ge 唐戈. Minzu Chubanshe 民族出版社, 2008, pp. 36-48.
47. Sima, Qian 司馬遷. Shi Ji 史記. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1981.
48. Sun, Xiaochun 孫小淳. “Hengxing Guance.” 恆星觀測. Zhongguo Tianwenxue Shi 中國天文學史. Ed. Bo Shuren 薄樹人. Wenjin Chubanshe 文津出版社, 1996, pp. 61-110.
49. Sun, Xiaochun 孫小淳. “Zhongguo Gudai Xingguan Tixi de Xingcheng.” 中國古代星官體系的形成. Faguo Hanxue 法國漢學, vol. 6, 2002, pp. 118-127.
50. Tokarev, S. A. 謝·亞·托卡列夫, and E. M. Meletinskij 葉·莫·梅列金斯基, eds. Shijie Ge Minzu Shenhua Daguan 世界各民族神話大觀. Trans. Wei Qingzheng 魏慶征. Guoji Wenhua Chuban Gongsi 國際文化出版公司, 1993.
51. Toγtaγa 脫脫. Song Shi宋史. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1980.
52. Wang, Minghe 王鳴鶴. Deng Tan Bi Jiu 登壇必究. Qing keben 清刻本, 1616-1911.
53. Wang, Qianjin 汪前進, ed. Zhongguo Gudai Kexue Jishu Shigang: Dixue Juan 中國古代科學技術史綱：地學卷. Liaoning Jiaoyu Chubanshe 遼寧教育出版社, 1998.
54. Wang, Xianqian 王先謙. Han Shu Bu Zhu 漢書補注. Qing Guangxu keben 清光緒刻本, 1875-1908.
55. Wesin 倭仁. “Shache Xingji.” 莎車行紀. Xiaofanghu Zhai Yudi Congchao Zhengbian 小方壺齋輿地叢鈔正編. Ed. Wang Ciqi 王錫祺. Qing Guangxu san nian zhi ershisan nian Shanghai Zhuyitang paiyin ben 清 光緒三年至二十三年上海著易堂排印本, 1877-1897, pp. 152-162.
56. Wei, Zheng 魏徵. Sui Shu 隋書. Dingwen Shuju 鼎文書局, 1980.
57. Wu, Xinglan 吳省蘭. “Heyuan Tushuo.” 河源圖說. Xiaofanghu Zhai Yudi Congchao Zhengbian 小方壺齋輿地叢鈔正編. Ed. Wang Ciqi 王錫祺. Qing Guangxu san nian zhi ershisan nian Shanghai Zhuyitang paiyin ben 清光緒三年至二十三年上海著易堂排印本, 1877-1897, pp. 688-689.
58. Xu, Peigen 徐培根. Tai Gong Liu Tao Jinzhu Jinyi 太公六韜今註今譯. Shangwu Yinshuguan 商務印書館, 1990.
59. Xu, Song 徐松. “Xi Yu Shuidao Ji.” 西域水道記. Xiaofanghu Zhai Yudi Congchao Zhengbian 小方壺齋輿地叢鈔正編. Ed. Wang Ciqi 王錫祺. Qing Guangxu san nian zhi ershisan nian Shanghai Zhuyitang paiyin ben 清光緒三年至二十三年上海著易堂排印本, 1877-1897, pp. 851-888.
60. Yang, Shen 楊慎. Sheng’an Ji 升菴集. Qing Wenyuange Si Ku Quanshu ben 清文淵閣《四庫全書》本, 1616-1911.
61. Yang, Shoujing 楊守敬, and Xiong Huizhen 熊會貞. Shui Jing Zhu Shu 水經註疏. Jiangshu Guji Chubanshe 江蘇古籍出版社, 1999.
62. Yang, Zhigang 楊志剛. “Hasakeyu Xingming de Hanyi Wenti.” 哈薩克語星名的漢譯問題. Yuyan yu Fanyi 語言與翻譯, no. 4, 1988, pp. 22-25.
63. Yu, Jicai 庾季才. Ling Tai Mi Yuan 靈臺秘苑. Qing Wenyuange Si Ku Quanshu ben 清文淵閣《四庫全書》本, 1616-1911.
64. Yuandai Shiliao Congkan Bianweihui 元代史料叢刊編委會, ed. Gaochang Guan Zazi 高昌館雜字. Yuandai Minzu Wenzi Shiliao 7 元代民族文字史料7. Huangshan Shushe 黃山書社, 2017, pp. 293-487.
65. Zhang, Xiaorui 張小銳. “Kangxi Nianjian Huanghe Tanyuan yu Heyuan Ditu.” 康熙年間黃河探源與河源地圖. Zhongguo dangan 中國檔案, no. 2, 2014, pp. 78-79.
66. Zheng, Wei 鄭偉. “Tansuo Butong Cailiao suo Fanying de Hanyu Yi Mu Zi de Yinbian.” 探索不同材料所反映的漢語以母字的音變. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究, vol. 31, no. 4, 2011, pp. 73-79.
67. Zheng, Wei 鄭偉. “Ziran Yinbian yu Yinbian Leixing: Bianjinyin l de Yahua Fangshi.” 自然音變與音變類型：邊近音l的演化方式. Zhongguo Yuyanxue Jikan 中國語言學集刊, vol. 6, no. 2, 2012, pp. 121-140.
68. Zhengzhang, Shangfang 鄭張尚芳. “‘Man’, ‘Yi’, ‘Rong’, ‘Di’ Yuyuan Kao.” 「蠻」、「夷」、「戎」、「狄」語源考. Yangzhou Daxue Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo Jikan 揚州大學中國文化研究所集刊, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 96-111.
69. Zhengzhang, Shangfang 鄭張尚芳. Shanggu Yinxi 上古音系. Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe 上海教育出版社, 2003.
70. Zhengzhang, Shangfang 鄭張尚芳. Yanzhi Yu Yanzhi: Zhengzhang Shangfang Boke Xuan 胭脂與焉支：鄭張尚芳博客選. Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe 上海教育出版社, 2019.
71. Zhou, Weizhou 周偉洲. Chile yu Rouran 敕勒與柔然. Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe 上海人民出版社, 1983.