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Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX)

Yıl 2019, , 93 - 115, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9005

Öz

The Kazakhs, involved in livestock keeping, provided their livestock with natural pastures in all seasons. For this purpose the Kazakhs used pastures according to seasons: qystau (winter pasture), kokteu (spring pasture), zhailav (summer pasture) and kuzdeu (autumn pasture). The given article considers the usage of seasonal camps and historical-topography and cartography of the route of the Kazakhs on the basis of scientific facts. There were traditions and beliefs connected with seasonal migration. Those tribes who were involved in livestock keeping used to move to a long distance. The introduction of Russian tsar regime and the arrival of settlers made the nomads transfer to settled way of life in the second part of the XIX century. Tribes who moved a long distance used meridional, a short distance – transportation, to highlands – “direct” or “vertical” type of moving.

Kaynakça

  • Aleksandrov, E. (1872). “O Napravlenii Letnih Kochevok Kirgiz Kazalinskogo Uezda”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 13: 3.
  • Aleksandrov, E. (1884). “Puty kochevok Kirgiz Maloy Ordy Perovskogo i Kazalinskogo uezdov”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 15: 202.
  • Andryanov, Boris (1985). Neosedloe Naselenie Mira. Moskva: Nauka.
  • Argunbayev, Khalel (1969). Kazakhtyng Mal Sharuashylygy Zhayinda Etnographicalyk Ocherk. Almaty: Gylym.
  • Ashmarin, А. (1925). “Kochevyie Puty, Zymovye Stoibysha İ Letovky”. Sovetskaya Kirgizia 5-6: 111-124.
  • Aziatskaya Rossia (1914). Tom. 1-3. Sankt-Piterburg: Tipografiya A. F. Marsa.
  • Divayev, Abubakir (1992). Tartu. Almaty: Ana tili.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr (1897). Veterinarny nadzor v Turgaiskoy Oblasty. Orenburg: Tipografiya Zharikova.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr (1895). Skotovodstvo v Turgaiskoy Oblasty. Orenburg: Tipografiya Zharikova.
  • Finsh, O. ve A. Brem (1882). Puteshestvye po Zapadnuyu Sibir. Moskva: Tipographiya Lavrova.
  • Geyer, Ivan (1909). Turkestan. Tashkent: Kirsner.
  • Gains, Aleksandr (1898). Sobranie Literaturnyh Trudov. Tom ІІ. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipographiya Stasyulevicha.
  • Grodekov, Nikolai (1889). Kirgizi i Qarakirgizı Sır-Dar’inskoy Oblasti. Yuridicheskiy Bıt. T.1. Tashkent: Tipolitografiya Lahtina.
  • Kostenko, Lef (1880). Turkestansky Kray. Opyt Voenno-Statichesky Obozreniya. Turkestansko-Voennogo Okruga. Materialy Dlya Geographii i Statistiky Rossii. Tom 1-3. Sankt-Peterburg: Typographiya Transhelya.
  • Krasovsky, Mekhail (1868). Materialy Dlya Geographyi i Statistiky Rossii, Sobrannyei Ofitceramy Generalnogo Shtaba. Oblast Sibirskih Kirgizov. Part 1-3. Sankt- Peterburg.
  • Kustanayev, Hudabai (1894). Etnografisheskie Osherki Kirgiz Perobskogo i Kazalisnkogo Uezdov. Tashkent: Tipolitografiya Pertsebıh.
  • Levshin, Aleksei (1996). Opisanie Kirgiz-Kazachyih ili Kirgiz-Kaisatskih Ord i Stepei. Almaty: Sanat. Republishing.
  • Maksheev, Aleksei (1867). “Ostatky Starinnogo Goroda na Syr-Dariye”. Sankt-Peterburgskye vedomosti 60.
  • Margulan, Alkey (1949). “Drevnie Qaravannye Puty Cherez Pustynyu Betpak Dala”. Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kaz SSR 1: 68-77.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Turgayskaya oblast. Kustanaysky Uezd (1903). Tom 5. Voronezh: Typolitographiya Isaeva.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Syr-Dariyinskaya oblast. Perovsky Uezd (1912). Tashkent: Tipo-litographiya Iliyina.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Syr-Dariyinskaya oblast. Kazalinsky Uezd (1913). Tashkent: Tipo-litographiya Iliyina.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Reky Chu i Nizoviyev Reky Talasa Chernyavskogo b Aylieatynskogo uezda Syrdarinskoy oblasty (1915). Tashkent.
  • Meyer, Lеv (1865). Materialy Dlya Geographyi i Statistiki Rossiyi, Sobrannyei Ofitceramy Generalnogo Shtaba. Part 1. Kirgizskaya step. Orenburskogo vedomostva. Sankt-Peterburg.
  • Narody Rossii. Kirgizy. Istorichesky Ocherk and Narodny Haracter (1879). Sankt- Peterburg: “Obshestvennaya polza”.
  • Nebolcin, Pavel (1855). Ocherky Torgovly Rossiyi so Sredney Aziey. ZIRGO. Knizhka 10. Sankt-Peterburg: Imp. A. Sc.
  • Neustruev, Sergei (1911). “Zona Yuzhnoy Polypostyny. Perovsky Uyezd Syrdarynskoy Oblasty”. Predvaritel’nyi otchet i ispolnenii rabot po izsledovaniyu pochv Aziatskoi Rossii v 1910 godu. Sankt-Peterburg.107-120.
  • Pachino, Petr (1868). Turkestanskii Krai v 1866 godu. Putevyıe zametki. Sankt- Piterburg.
  • Potanin, Georgii (1916). “Kazako-kirgizskye Altayskiye Predaniya, Legendy i Skazky”. Tom ХХV. Petrograd. Zhyvaiya starina 45: 47-198.
  • Spiridonov, D. (1922). “Kirgizskie pustynnye stepi”. Izvestiya Zapadno Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiskogo Geograficeskogo Obsestvo 1: 34-47; 2: 87-113.
  • Valikhanov, Shokan (1985). Sobranie sochinenii. Volume 4. Almaty: Glavnaya redakciya Kazahskoi sovetskoi enciklopedii.
  • Zagryazhsky, Georgi (1876). “Yuridichesky obychay Kirgiz o razlichnyh rodah sostoyanii i o pravah im prisvoennyh. O narodnom sude u kochevogo naseleniya Turkestanskogo kraya po obychnomu pravy”. Sankt-Peterburg. Ezhegodnik. Materiyaly po Statistike Turkestanskogo Kraya. 151-203.
  • Zagryazhsky, Georgi (1903). “Ocherky Perovskogo uezda”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 58: 358.
  • Zhien (1914). “Akmeshit uezinen”. Qazaq gazety 51: 3.

Kazak Halkının Mevsimlik Otlaklara Göç Etme Özellikleri (19 yy. – 20. yy. Baş Dönemleri)

Yıl 2019, , 93 - 115, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9005

Öz

Geleneksel olarak hayvancılıkla uğraşan Kazak halkı, hayvan sürülerini her mevsimde tabii otlaklarda yetiştirilmiştir(yetistirirdi). Bu amaçla Kazak halkı otlakları mevsimlere göre kullanmışlardır: kıstau (kışlık otlak), kökteu (baharlık otlak), jaylau (yayla, yani yazlık otlak) ve kuzdeu (sonbaharlık otlak). Makale sahibi ilmî veriler ışığında Kazakların mevsimlik otlakları kullanma şekillerini, göç yollarının tarihi topografyası ile kartografyasını incelemiştir. “Geleneksel göçebe kurallarına” bağlı Kazak toplumu, kendi geleneklerini, örf ve adetlerini, batıl inançlarını oluşturmuşlardır. Göçebe hayvancılıkla uğraşan kabileler oldukça uzaklara göç etmişlerdir. Kazak topraklarında Rus Çarlık yönetiminin hüküm sürmeye başlaması ve göç yoluyla yeni yerleşimcilerin gelmesiyle birlikte ХІХ. yy. ikinci yarısından itibaren göçebelikten yerleşik hayata geçiş aşaması hızlanmıştır. Uzaklara göç edecek kabileler göçün meridionel, kısa mesafeye göç edecek olanlar “tasımal” taşımacılık şeklini kullanmışlardır. Oysa dağlı, taşlı bölgelerdeki yaylalara göçecek olanlar dağ geçitlerinin kenarından “dik” ya da “dikey” olarak yükselerek göç etmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Aleksandrov, E. (1872). “O Napravlenii Letnih Kochevok Kirgiz Kazalinskogo Uezda”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 13: 3.
  • Aleksandrov, E. (1884). “Puty kochevok Kirgiz Maloy Ordy Perovskogo i Kazalinskogo uezdov”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 15: 202.
  • Andryanov, Boris (1985). Neosedloe Naselenie Mira. Moskva: Nauka.
  • Argunbayev, Khalel (1969). Kazakhtyng Mal Sharuashylygy Zhayinda Etnographicalyk Ocherk. Almaty: Gylym.
  • Ashmarin, А. (1925). “Kochevyie Puty, Zymovye Stoibysha İ Letovky”. Sovetskaya Kirgizia 5-6: 111-124.
  • Aziatskaya Rossia (1914). Tom. 1-3. Sankt-Piterburg: Tipografiya A. F. Marsa.
  • Divayev, Abubakir (1992). Tartu. Almaty: Ana tili.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr (1897). Veterinarny nadzor v Turgaiskoy Oblasty. Orenburg: Tipografiya Zharikova.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr (1895). Skotovodstvo v Turgaiskoy Oblasty. Orenburg: Tipografiya Zharikova.
  • Finsh, O. ve A. Brem (1882). Puteshestvye po Zapadnuyu Sibir. Moskva: Tipographiya Lavrova.
  • Geyer, Ivan (1909). Turkestan. Tashkent: Kirsner.
  • Gains, Aleksandr (1898). Sobranie Literaturnyh Trudov. Tom ІІ. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipographiya Stasyulevicha.
  • Grodekov, Nikolai (1889). Kirgizi i Qarakirgizı Sır-Dar’inskoy Oblasti. Yuridicheskiy Bıt. T.1. Tashkent: Tipolitografiya Lahtina.
  • Kostenko, Lef (1880). Turkestansky Kray. Opyt Voenno-Statichesky Obozreniya. Turkestansko-Voennogo Okruga. Materialy Dlya Geographii i Statistiky Rossii. Tom 1-3. Sankt-Peterburg: Typographiya Transhelya.
  • Krasovsky, Mekhail (1868). Materialy Dlya Geographyi i Statistiky Rossii, Sobrannyei Ofitceramy Generalnogo Shtaba. Oblast Sibirskih Kirgizov. Part 1-3. Sankt- Peterburg.
  • Kustanayev, Hudabai (1894). Etnografisheskie Osherki Kirgiz Perobskogo i Kazalisnkogo Uezdov. Tashkent: Tipolitografiya Pertsebıh.
  • Levshin, Aleksei (1996). Opisanie Kirgiz-Kazachyih ili Kirgiz-Kaisatskih Ord i Stepei. Almaty: Sanat. Republishing.
  • Maksheev, Aleksei (1867). “Ostatky Starinnogo Goroda na Syr-Dariye”. Sankt-Peterburgskye vedomosti 60.
  • Margulan, Alkey (1949). “Drevnie Qaravannye Puty Cherez Pustynyu Betpak Dala”. Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kaz SSR 1: 68-77.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Turgayskaya oblast. Kustanaysky Uezd (1903). Tom 5. Voronezh: Typolitographiya Isaeva.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Syr-Dariyinskaya oblast. Perovsky Uezd (1912). Tashkent: Tipo-litographiya Iliyina.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Syr-Dariyinskaya oblast. Kazalinsky Uezd (1913). Tashkent: Tipo-litographiya Iliyina.
  • Materialy po Kirgizskomu Zemlepol`zovaniyu. Reky Chu i Nizoviyev Reky Talasa Chernyavskogo b Aylieatynskogo uezda Syrdarinskoy oblasty (1915). Tashkent.
  • Meyer, Lеv (1865). Materialy Dlya Geographyi i Statistiki Rossiyi, Sobrannyei Ofitceramy Generalnogo Shtaba. Part 1. Kirgizskaya step. Orenburskogo vedomostva. Sankt-Peterburg.
  • Narody Rossii. Kirgizy. Istorichesky Ocherk and Narodny Haracter (1879). Sankt- Peterburg: “Obshestvennaya polza”.
  • Nebolcin, Pavel (1855). Ocherky Torgovly Rossiyi so Sredney Aziey. ZIRGO. Knizhka 10. Sankt-Peterburg: Imp. A. Sc.
  • Neustruev, Sergei (1911). “Zona Yuzhnoy Polypostyny. Perovsky Uyezd Syrdarynskoy Oblasty”. Predvaritel’nyi otchet i ispolnenii rabot po izsledovaniyu pochv Aziatskoi Rossii v 1910 godu. Sankt-Peterburg.107-120.
  • Pachino, Petr (1868). Turkestanskii Krai v 1866 godu. Putevyıe zametki. Sankt- Piterburg.
  • Potanin, Georgii (1916). “Kazako-kirgizskye Altayskiye Predaniya, Legendy i Skazky”. Tom ХХV. Petrograd. Zhyvaiya starina 45: 47-198.
  • Spiridonov, D. (1922). “Kirgizskie pustynnye stepi”. Izvestiya Zapadno Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiskogo Geograficeskogo Obsestvo 1: 34-47; 2: 87-113.
  • Valikhanov, Shokan (1985). Sobranie sochinenii. Volume 4. Almaty: Glavnaya redakciya Kazahskoi sovetskoi enciklopedii.
  • Zagryazhsky, Georgi (1876). “Yuridichesky obychay Kirgiz o razlichnyh rodah sostoyanii i o pravah im prisvoennyh. O narodnom sude u kochevogo naseleniya Turkestanskogo kraya po obychnomu pravy”. Sankt-Peterburg. Ezhegodnik. Materiyaly po Statistike Turkestanskogo Kraya. 151-203.
  • Zagryazhsky, Georgi (1903). “Ocherky Perovskogo uezda”. Turkestanskiye vedomosty 58: 358.
  • Zhien (1914). “Akmeshit uezinen”. Qazaq gazety 51: 3.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tattigül Kartaeva Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6180-4107

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Kartaeva, T. (2019). Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX). Bilig(90), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9005
AMA Kartaeva T. Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX). Bilig. Temmuz 2019;(90):93-115. doi:10.12995/bilig.9005
Chicago Kartaeva, Tattigül. “Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX)”. Bilig, sy. 90 (Temmuz 2019): 93-115. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9005.
EndNote Kartaeva T (01 Temmuz 2019) Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX). Bilig 90 93–115.
IEEE T. Kartaeva, “Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX)”, Bilig, sy. 90, ss. 93–115, Temmuz 2019, doi: 10.12995/bilig.9005.
ISNAD Kartaeva, Tattigül. “Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX)”. Bilig 90 (Temmuz 2019), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9005.
JAMA Kartaeva T. Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX). Bilig. 2019;:93–115.
MLA Kartaeva, Tattigül. “Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX)”. Bilig, sy. 90, 2019, ss. 93-115, doi:10.12995/bilig.9005.
Vancouver Kartaeva T. Peculiarities of Seasonal Migration of The Kazakhs (The End of The XIX – The Beginning of The XX). Bilig. 2019(90):93-115.

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