Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyeti Olarak Bursluluk Programları ve Türk Keneşi Üye Ülkelerindeki Uygulamalar
Yıl 2021,
, 229 - 253, 20.01.2021
Muhammet Musa Budak
,
Hacı Murat Terzi
Öz
Geleneksel diplomasi yanında önemini artırmaya devam eden Kamu Diplomasisi, devletlerin dış politikasının önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Bu çerçevede devlet ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından halkların rızasını kazanmak için birçok farklı faaliyet yürütülmektedir. Bu makalede önce kamu diplomasisi kavramı farklı açılardan ele alınacak, sonra da bu yeni kavramın önemli bir parçası olarak görülen burs programları tartışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda farklı ülkelerin burs programları ve Türk Keneşi üye ülkelerindeki uygulamaları analiz edilecektir. Türk Keneşi üye ülkelerinin bursluluk programları, özellikle Türkiye Bursları değerlendirilecek ve bu programdan yararlanan öğrencilerin eğitim sosyolojisi açısından da önem arz eden görüşleri paylaşılacaktır. Bu makalede diğer ülkeler ile üye devletlerin burs programları karşılaştırılmaya çalışılacaktır. Türk Keneşi üye devletlerinin eğer varsa bursluluk programlarının ikili ve çok taraflı ilişkilerin geliştirilmesindeki etkinliği sorgulanacaktır. Analizler ülke ve bölge düzeyinde olacaktır. Türk Keneşi üye ülkeleri için yeni bir değişim programının oluşturulması imkanı değerlendirilecektir. Bölgesel koşullara uygun ve farklı
aktörler tarafından uygulanan benzer programları da dikkate alan bir program yapısı için önerilerde bulunulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bursluluk programları yolu ile ilişkilerin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir farkındalık oluşturulması ve ortak değişim programlarının geliştirilmesine bu çalışma ile katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Aktleuov, Askar (2011). diapazon.kz. 30 June 2011. https://diapazon.kz/news/22091-v-aktobe-otkrylsja-institut-konfucija (Accessed: 8 September 2019).
- Bevis, Teresa B. and Chistopher J. Lucas (2007). International Students in American Colleges and Universities: A History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bolashak (2019). History of the Program. https://www.bolashak.gov.kz/en/ostipendii/istoriya-razvitiya.html (Accessed 8 17 2019).
- Bolashak. “Ustav Obshestva.” Bolashak. 11 18. https://www.bolashak.gov.kz/ru/okompanii/uchreditelnye-dokumenty.html (Accessed: 17 August 2019).
- Budak, Muhammet Musa (2012). Kamu Diplomasisi Araci Olarak Öğrenci Değişim Programlari ve Türkiye Uygulamalari. Expertise Dissertation. Ankara.
- Campus France (2019). Campus France Offices Around the World. https://www.campusfrance.org/en/Campus-France-offices-world (Accessed: 25 August 2019).
- Campus France (2018). Activity Report 2017 A Year of Action. Paris: Campus France.
- Campus France (2019). Country Data Sheets. Paris: Campus France.
- Chevening (2019). About Chevening. https://www.chevening.org/about/ ((Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- Chinese Scholarships Council (2011). Annual Report 2010. Beijing: CSC.
- CSC (2011). Annual Report 2010. Beijing: Chinese Scholarship Program.
- DAAD (2019). About the DAAD. https://www.daad.de/der-daad/ueber-den-daad/en/ (Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- DAAD (2019). German Academic Exchange Service. Annual Report 2018. Bonn: DAAD German Academic Exchange Service.
- DAAD (2019). German Academic Exchange Services. Budget and funding bodies. https://www.daad.de/der-daad/zahlen-und-fakten/en/30736-budget-andfunding-bodies/
(Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- EMC for PublicDiplomacy (2019). What is Public Diplomacy? 17 November 2019. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow/Diplomacy/Definitions (Accessed: 17 November 2019).
- Europe Commission (2018). Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility Handbook for Participating Organisations. Brussels: European Commission.
- European Commission (2019). Erasmus+. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/about_en (Accessed: 25 August 2019).
- European Commission (2018). Report From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Mid-term evaluation of the Erasmus+ programme (2014-2020). Brussels: European Commission.
- FFSB (2018). J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board 2017 Annual Report. Washington: U.S. Department of State.
- Fondu, Gənclər (2019). Gənclər üçün imkanlar. https://youthfoundation.az/action/foryouth (Accessed: 24 August 2019).
- International Hoca Ahmet Yesevi University (2019). “Facts.” International Hoca Ahmet Yesevi University. https://www.ayu.edu.tr/sayilar (Accessed: 16 October 2019).
Izimov, Ruslan (2016). Naselenie Kazakhstana Vse Eshe Sklonna Vdet Ugrozu V Litse Kitaya (Население Казахстана все еще склонно видеть угрозу в лице Китая).
- Kalın, İbrahim (2012). “Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi”. Kamu Diplomasisi. Ed. Abdullah Özkan and Tuğçe E. Öztürk. İstanbul: Tasam Yay.
- Khanazarov, Kuchkar Khanazarovich (1963). Sblijeniye Natsıy i Natsionalnıye Yazıki v SSSR. Tashkent: Gos. Izd.
- Kulmaganbetova, Diana (2015). "V Astane Otkroyut Institut Konfutsiya". 19 June 2015. https://informburo.kz/novosti/v-astane-otkroyut-institutkonfutsiya-6867.html
(Accessed: 30 August 2019).
- Küçükcan, Talip ve Bekir S. Gür (2010). Türkiye’de Yükseköğretim-Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Ankara: SETA Yay.
- Kyrgyz-Turkish University of Manas (2019). “History.” Kyrgyz-Turkish University of Manas. http://intl.manas.edu.kg/en/about_manas/history (Accessed: 16 October 2019).
- Latief, Rashidand Lin Lefen (2018). “Analysis of Chinese Government Scholarship for International Students Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).” Sustainability 10:
1-13.
- Lima, Antonia F. Jr. De (2007). “The Role of International Education Exhanges in Public Diplomacy”. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan) 3: 239-241.
- Mevlana Değişim Programı (2019). Mevlana Değişim Programı. https://mevlana.yok.gov.tr/ana-sayfa (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs French (2019). “Quality Charter for French Government Foreign Scholars 2008.” Campus France. 2008.
https://law.najah.edu/media/filer_public/93/c7/93c7bbb3-9bca-4401-abb2-7ef3406749a4/eiffel_charte_qualite_uk.pdf (Accessed: 26 August 2019).
- Nye, Joseph S. Jr (2005). Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Yolu: Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: Elips Kitap.
- Plotnikov, Dmitry Sergeevich (2016). “”Myakhkaya Sila” (“Мягкая Сила” Политики Китая, Турции, Ирана, России И Сша В Центральной Азии В Сфере Образования).”
Ars Administrandi: 160-177.
- Purtaş, Fırat (2012). “Kültürel Diplomasi ve TÜRKSOY”. Medeniyet ve Kültür Araştırmaları Merkezi. 17 December 2012. http://mekam.org/mekam/kulturel-diplomasi-ve-
turksoy (Accessed: 25 July 2019).
- Rahmonova, Abdurahmona (2017). avesta.tj. 25 September 2017. http://avesta.tj/2017/09/25/den-instituta-konfutsiya-otmetili-v-dushanbe/ (Accessed: 11 September 2019).
- Russian Federal Statistics Bureau (2019). Russian Federal Statistics Bureau 2016 – 2017. http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b18_11/Main.htm (Accessed: 24 July 2019).
- RNC (2014). russian.news.cn. http://russian.news.cn/culture/2014- (Accessed: 11 August 2019).
- Snow, Nancy (2009). “Valuing Exchange of Persons in Public Diplomacy”. Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Eds. N. Snow and P.M. Taylor. New York: Routledge.
- Turkic Council (2019). “Education & Science.” Turkic Council. 13 April 2019. https://www.turkkon.org/en/isbirligi-alanlari/education-science_4 (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Turkic Council Turkic Universities Union (2019). “History.” Turkic Council Turkic Universities Union. http://turkunib.org/tr/site/index/#about (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Türkiye Bursları (2019). Hakkımızda. https://turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/tr/sayfa/hakkimizda/turkiye-burslari (Accessed: 15 August 2019).
- U.S. Deparment Of State (2016). J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board Annual 2016 Report. Washington DC: Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
- Vural, F.T.Y and S. Alkan (2009). Büyük Öğrenci Projesinin Değerlendirmesi (1992-2008). Ankara: ODTÜ Araştırmalar Koordinatörlüğü.
- Yunus Emre Enstitüsü (2019). https://www.yee.org.tr/en (Accessed: 15 September 2019).
- YÖK (2019). Uyruğa Göre Öğrenci Sayıları Raporu. Ankara: YÖK.
Scholarship Programs as Public Diplomacy Tool and Implementations in Turkic Council Countries
Yıl 2021,
, 229 - 253, 20.01.2021
Muhammet Musa Budak
,
Hacı Murat Terzi
Öz
Public Diplomacy which continues to increase its importance alongside
traditional diplomacy, become essential part of foreign policy of states. There are
many activities in this content carried by governmental and nongovernmental
institutions to gain consent of people. The article first defines the concept of
public diplomacy in its diverse angles, then discusses the scholarship programs
as they are considered important part of this emerging phenomenon. In this
context, different countries’ scholarship programs and their implementations
in Turkic Council member states will be analyzed. Turkic Council member
countries’ scholarships programs, particularly Turkiye Scholarships will also
be assessed. The views of students who benefited from this program, which
also be evaluated in terms of educational sociology will be shared. This article
tries to compare scholarship programs of external powers and member states.
Effectiveness of member states’ scholarship programs, if any, on development
of bilateral and multilateral relations will be questioned. Analyses will be on
country and regional level. Possibility of creating new exchange programs for
Turkic Council member states will be evaluated. Suggestions will be made for
such program’s structure that are suitable to regional conditions and considering
similar programs implemented by different actors. The aim of the study is
to raise awareness about the development of relations through scholarship
programs and to contribute to the development of joint exchange programs.
Kaynakça
- Aktleuov, Askar (2011). diapazon.kz. 30 June 2011. https://diapazon.kz/news/22091-v-aktobe-otkrylsja-institut-konfucija (Accessed: 8 September 2019).
- Bevis, Teresa B. and Chistopher J. Lucas (2007). International Students in American Colleges and Universities: A History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bolashak (2019). History of the Program. https://www.bolashak.gov.kz/en/ostipendii/istoriya-razvitiya.html (Accessed 8 17 2019).
- Bolashak. “Ustav Obshestva.” Bolashak. 11 18. https://www.bolashak.gov.kz/ru/okompanii/uchreditelnye-dokumenty.html (Accessed: 17 August 2019).
- Budak, Muhammet Musa (2012). Kamu Diplomasisi Araci Olarak Öğrenci Değişim Programlari ve Türkiye Uygulamalari. Expertise Dissertation. Ankara.
- Campus France (2019). Campus France Offices Around the World. https://www.campusfrance.org/en/Campus-France-offices-world (Accessed: 25 August 2019).
- Campus France (2018). Activity Report 2017 A Year of Action. Paris: Campus France.
- Campus France (2019). Country Data Sheets. Paris: Campus France.
- Chevening (2019). About Chevening. https://www.chevening.org/about/ ((Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- Chinese Scholarships Council (2011). Annual Report 2010. Beijing: CSC.
- CSC (2011). Annual Report 2010. Beijing: Chinese Scholarship Program.
- DAAD (2019). About the DAAD. https://www.daad.de/der-daad/ueber-den-daad/en/ (Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- DAAD (2019). German Academic Exchange Service. Annual Report 2018. Bonn: DAAD German Academic Exchange Service.
- DAAD (2019). German Academic Exchange Services. Budget and funding bodies. https://www.daad.de/der-daad/zahlen-und-fakten/en/30736-budget-andfunding-bodies/
(Accessed: 4 September 2019).
- EMC for PublicDiplomacy (2019). What is Public Diplomacy? 17 November 2019. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow/Diplomacy/Definitions (Accessed: 17 November 2019).
- Europe Commission (2018). Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility Handbook for Participating Organisations. Brussels: European Commission.
- European Commission (2019). Erasmus+. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/about_en (Accessed: 25 August 2019).
- European Commission (2018). Report From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Mid-term evaluation of the Erasmus+ programme (2014-2020). Brussels: European Commission.
- FFSB (2018). J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board 2017 Annual Report. Washington: U.S. Department of State.
- Fondu, Gənclər (2019). Gənclər üçün imkanlar. https://youthfoundation.az/action/foryouth (Accessed: 24 August 2019).
- International Hoca Ahmet Yesevi University (2019). “Facts.” International Hoca Ahmet Yesevi University. https://www.ayu.edu.tr/sayilar (Accessed: 16 October 2019).
Izimov, Ruslan (2016). Naselenie Kazakhstana Vse Eshe Sklonna Vdet Ugrozu V Litse Kitaya (Население Казахстана все еще склонно видеть угрозу в лице Китая).
- Kalın, İbrahim (2012). “Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi”. Kamu Diplomasisi. Ed. Abdullah Özkan and Tuğçe E. Öztürk. İstanbul: Tasam Yay.
- Khanazarov, Kuchkar Khanazarovich (1963). Sblijeniye Natsıy i Natsionalnıye Yazıki v SSSR. Tashkent: Gos. Izd.
- Kulmaganbetova, Diana (2015). "V Astane Otkroyut Institut Konfutsiya". 19 June 2015. https://informburo.kz/novosti/v-astane-otkroyut-institutkonfutsiya-6867.html
(Accessed: 30 August 2019).
- Küçükcan, Talip ve Bekir S. Gür (2010). Türkiye’de Yükseköğretim-Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Ankara: SETA Yay.
- Kyrgyz-Turkish University of Manas (2019). “History.” Kyrgyz-Turkish University of Manas. http://intl.manas.edu.kg/en/about_manas/history (Accessed: 16 October 2019).
- Latief, Rashidand Lin Lefen (2018). “Analysis of Chinese Government Scholarship for International Students Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).” Sustainability 10:
1-13.
- Lima, Antonia F. Jr. De (2007). “The Role of International Education Exhanges in Public Diplomacy”. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan) 3: 239-241.
- Mevlana Değişim Programı (2019). Mevlana Değişim Programı. https://mevlana.yok.gov.tr/ana-sayfa (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs French (2019). “Quality Charter for French Government Foreign Scholars 2008.” Campus France. 2008.
https://law.najah.edu/media/filer_public/93/c7/93c7bbb3-9bca-4401-abb2-7ef3406749a4/eiffel_charte_qualite_uk.pdf (Accessed: 26 August 2019).
- Nye, Joseph S. Jr (2005). Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Yolu: Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: Elips Kitap.
- Plotnikov, Dmitry Sergeevich (2016). “”Myakhkaya Sila” (“Мягкая Сила” Политики Китая, Турции, Ирана, России И Сша В Центральной Азии В Сфере Образования).”
Ars Administrandi: 160-177.
- Purtaş, Fırat (2012). “Kültürel Diplomasi ve TÜRKSOY”. Medeniyet ve Kültür Araştırmaları Merkezi. 17 December 2012. http://mekam.org/mekam/kulturel-diplomasi-ve-
turksoy (Accessed: 25 July 2019).
- Rahmonova, Abdurahmona (2017). avesta.tj. 25 September 2017. http://avesta.tj/2017/09/25/den-instituta-konfutsiya-otmetili-v-dushanbe/ (Accessed: 11 September 2019).
- Russian Federal Statistics Bureau (2019). Russian Federal Statistics Bureau 2016 – 2017. http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b18_11/Main.htm (Accessed: 24 July 2019).
- RNC (2014). russian.news.cn. http://russian.news.cn/culture/2014- (Accessed: 11 August 2019).
- Snow, Nancy (2009). “Valuing Exchange of Persons in Public Diplomacy”. Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Eds. N. Snow and P.M. Taylor. New York: Routledge.
- Turkic Council (2019). “Education & Science.” Turkic Council. 13 April 2019. https://www.turkkon.org/en/isbirligi-alanlari/education-science_4 (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Turkic Council Turkic Universities Union (2019). “History.” Turkic Council Turkic Universities Union. http://turkunib.org/tr/site/index/#about (Accessed: 15 October 2019).
- Türkiye Bursları (2019). Hakkımızda. https://turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/tr/sayfa/hakkimizda/turkiye-burslari (Accessed: 15 August 2019).
- U.S. Deparment Of State (2016). J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board Annual 2016 Report. Washington DC: Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
- Vural, F.T.Y and S. Alkan (2009). Büyük Öğrenci Projesinin Değerlendirmesi (1992-2008). Ankara: ODTÜ Araştırmalar Koordinatörlüğü.
- Yunus Emre Enstitüsü (2019). https://www.yee.org.tr/en (Accessed: 15 September 2019).
- YÖK (2019). Uyruğa Göre Öğrenci Sayıları Raporu. Ankara: YÖK.