BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Destination Image of Turkey: A Study on Central Asian Turkic Republics Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 81, 105 - 137, 01.05.2017

Öz

Determining the destination image of Turkey in the Central Asian Turkic Republics, which is Turkey’s target tourism market, is the basis of determining the quality and scope of tourism marketing to be conducted for these countries. The main objective of this study is to determine the destination image of Turkey and visit intentions in the countries of Central Asian Turkic Republics, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and to develop the suggestions to increase attractions of Turkey in this target market. The research data was collected using a questionnaire from 674 participants in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan from various occupational groups. According to the results of the statistical analysis, it was found that most of the participants have highly positive image for Turkey and it was determined that the significant information sources on their image are “friends, colleagues, relatives” and “movies and TV serials”. On the other hand it was determined that the overall image of the participants who visited Turkey is more positive. In addition it was determined that the main reason of visiting Turkey is “holiday” and accordingly it has been identified that the first thing that comes to the participants mind is “sea, holiday and tourism”. There is a relation between the destination attributes, visit intention and destination image

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Zafar U. (1991). “The Influence of the Components of a State’s Tourists Image on Product Positioning Strategy”. Tourism Management 12 (4): 331-340.
  • Akgül, Aziz ve Osman Çevik (2003). “SPSS’te İşletme Yönetimi Uygulamaları”. İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri. Ankara: Emek Ofset Ltd. Şti.
  • Akyürek, Salih ve M. Sadi Bilgiç (2012a). Kırgızistan’da Türkiye ve Türk Algısı. Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi-BİLGESAM
  • Akyürek, Salih ve M. Sadi Bilgiç (2012b). Kazakistan’da Türkiye ve Türk Algısı. Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi-BİLGESAM
  • Albayrak, Aslı ve Emrah Özkul (2013). “Y Kuşağı Turistlerin Destinasyon İmaj Algıları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic 8 (6): 15-31.
  • Alhemoud, Abdulla and Edward G. Armstrong (1996). “Image of Tourism Attractions in Kuwait”. Journal of Travel Research 34 (4): 76-80.
  • Altınbaşak, İpek (2004). Modeling the Constituents of a Country for the Determination of Priorities Related to Strategic Image Management: The Case of Turkey. Ph.D.
  • Dissertation. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University Press.
  • Altınbaşak, İpek (2008). “Understanding The Prejudices in Order to Improve The Image of Turkey: A Qualitative Study on The Prejudices of Italians About Turkey”. Boğaziçi Journal 22 (1-2): 35-51.
  • Altunışık, Remzi, Recai Coşkun, Serkan Bayraktaroğlu ve Engin Yıldırım (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Alvarez, Maria D. and Sara Campo (2014). “The Influence of Political Conflicts on Country Image and Intention to Visit: A Study of Israel’s Image”. Tourism Management 40: 70-78.
  • Ateşoğlu, İrfan ve Ali Türker (2014). “Tatil Yeri Seçiminde Ülke İmajının Turistin Risk Algısı Üzerine Etkisi”. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (2): 9,28.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus (1996). An Emprical Investigation of Determinants of Tourist Destination Image. Doktora Tezi. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and David Brinberg (1997). “Affective Images of Tourism Destination”. Journal of Travel Research 35 (4): 11–15.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and Ken W. McCleary (1999). “U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors
  • and Non-Visitors”. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research 8 (2): 144–151.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus (2001). “Image Variations of Turkey by Familiarity Index: Informational and Experiential Dimensions”. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 22 (39): 211- 224.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and Mehmet Mangaloglu (2001). “Tourism Destination Images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as Perceived by Us-Based Tour Operators and Travel Agents”. Tourism Management 22 (1): 1-9.
  • Beerli, Asuncion and Josefa D. Martin (2004). “Tourist Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Tourist Destinations: A Quantitative Analysis- A Case Study of Lanzarote, Spain”. Tourism Management 25: 623-636.
  • Beeton, Sue (2001). “Smiling for the Camera: The Influence of Film Audiences on a Budget Tourism Destination”. Tourism, Culture and Communication 3 (1): 15–26.
  • Bigne, Enrique, Isabel Sanches and Javier Sanches (2001). “Tourism Image, Evaluation Variables and After Purchase Behaviour: Inter-Relationship”. Tourism Management 22: 607-616.
  • Bruwer, Johan, Marlene Pratt, Anthony Saliba and Martin Hirche (2014). “Regional Destination Image Perception of Tourists within a Winescape Context”. Current Issues in Tourism: 1-21.
  • Chen, Po-Ju and Deborah L. Kersteter (1999). “International Students’ Image of Rural Pennsylvania as a Travel Destinatio”. Journal of Travel Research 37 (Feb): 256-266.
  • Chen, Shis J. and Catty H.C. Hsu (2000). “Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations”. Journal of Travel Research 38: 411-416.
  • Chen, Ching-Fu and Tsai, DungChun (2007). “How Destination and Evaluative Factors Affect Behavioral Intentions?”. Tourism Management 28 (4): 1115-1122.
  • Chew, Elanie Yin Teng and Siti Aqilah Jahari (2014). “Destination Image as a Mediator Between Perceived Risks and Revisit Intention: A Case of Post-Disaster Japan”. Tourism Management 40: 382-393.
  • Chi, Christina Geng-Qing and Hailin Qu (2008). “Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty: An Integrated Approach”. Tourism Management 29: 624-636.
  • Chon, K. S. (1991) “Tourism Destination Image Modification Process: Marketing Implications”. Tourism Management 12 (1): 68-74.
  • Croy, W. Glen (2010). “Planning for Film Tourism: Active Destination Image Management”. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 7 (1): 21-30.
  • Custodio, M. J. Ferreria and Pedro M. D. C. B. Gouveia (2007). “Evaluation of Cognitive Image of a Country/Destination by the Media During the Coverage of Mega- Events: The Case of UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal”. International Journal of Tourism Research 9: 285-296.
  • Çakır, Fatma (2014). “TV Dizilerinin Destinasyon İmajı Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1 (2), 80-89.
  • Çokluk, Ömay; Güçlü Şekercioğlu ve Şener Büyüköztürk (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Echtner, M. Charlotte and Brent J. R. Ritchie (2003). “The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image”. The Journal of Tourism Studies 14 (1): 37- 48.
  • Echtner, M. Charlotte and Brent J. R. Ritchie (1991). “The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image”. Journal of Tourism Studies 2 (2): 2-12.
  • Eşitti, Şakir ve Mehmet Işık (2015). “Sosyal Medyanın Yabancı Turistlerin Türkiye’yi Tatil Destinasyonu Olarak Tercih Etmelerine Etkisi”. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 27: 11-30.
  • Gallarza, Martina G., Irene Gil Saura and Haydee C. Garcia (2002). “Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework”. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (1): 56-78.
  • Gartner, William (1993). Image Formation Process. In Communication and Channel Systems in Tourism Marketing. Eds. M. Uysal and D. R. Fesenmaier. NewYork: Haworth Press. 191-215.
  • Ger, Güliz (1991). Country Image: Perceptions, Attitudes, Associations and Their Relationships to Context, Proceedings of the Third International on Marketing and Development. Eds. R. R. Dholakia and K.C. Bothra. New Delhi, India. 390-398.
  • Gibson, J. Heather, Christine Xeuqing Qi and James J. Zhang (2008). “Destination Image and Intent to Visit China and 2008 Beijing Olympic Games”. Journal of Sports Management 22: 427-450.
  • Gunn, Clare (1988). Tourism Planning. San Francisco: Taylor and Francis. Güçer, Evren (2010). Destinasyon Seçim Kararında İmajın Etkisi: Antalya Örneği. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Gülcan, Bilgehan, Cüneyt Tokmak, Barış Erdem ve Sezen Karabaş (2015). “Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Öğrencilerine Göre Türkiye İmajı”. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4 (1): 91-116.
  • Hsu Cathy H.C., Kara Wolfe and Soo K. Kang (2004). “Image Assesment for a Destination with Limited Comparative Advantages”. Tourism Management 25: 121-126.
  • Hudson, Simpn, Youcheng Wang and Sergio Moreno Gil (2011). “The Influence of a Film on Destination Image and the Desire to Travel: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”. International Journal of Tourism Research 13: 177-190.
  • Hu, Yangzhou and J. R. Brent Ritchie (1993). “Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach”. Journal of Travel Research 32 (2): 25-34.
  • Hui, Tak Kee and Tai Wai David Wan (2003). “Singapores’s Image as a Tourist Destination”. International Journal of Tourism Research 5: 305-313.
  • Hunt, John D. (1975). “Image as a Factor in Tourism Development”. Journal of Travel Research 13 (3): 1-7.
  • Joppe, Marrion, David W. Martin and Judith Wallen (2001). “Toronto’s Image As a Destination: A comporative Importance- Satisfaction Analysis by Origin of Visitors”. Journal of Travel Research 32: 252-260.
  • Kalaycı, Şeref (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kastenholz, Elisabeth (2002). “The Role and Marketing Implications of Destination Images on Tourist Behavior: The Case of North Portugal”. Universitated de Aveiro.
  • Kim, Samuel Seongseop and Alastair M. Morrsion (2005). “Change of Images of South Korea Among Foreign Tourists After the 2002 FIFA World Cup”. Tourism Management 26 (2): 233-247.
  • Kozak, Rıdvan (2003). “Turistik Çekim Merkezi Olarak Türkiye İmajı: İki Asya-Pasifik Ülkesi (Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda) Seyahat Aracıları Temsilcileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Anatolia-Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 14 (2): 141-149. Kozak, Metin, John C. Crotts and Rob Law (2007). “The Impact of the Perception of Risk on International Travelers”. International Journal of Tourism Research 9 (4): 233-242.
  • Lee, In Jae (2002). “Toward a Dynamic Model of Destination Image Formation Examining the Role of Expectation and Direct Experience on Image Formation”. Texas A&M University.
  • Lee, Choong-Ki, Yong-Ki Lee and Bong-Ko Lee (2005). “Korea’s Destination Image Formed by the 2002 World Cup”. Annals of Tourism Research 32 (4): 839-858.
  • Lin, Chung-Hsien, Duarte B. Morais, Deborah L. Kestetter and Jing-Shoung Hou (2007). “Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed and Theme-Park Destinations”. Journal of Travel Research 46 (2): 183-194.
  • MacKay, Kelly J. and Daniel R. Fesenmaier (2000). “An Exploration of Cross Cultural Destination Image Assessment”. Journal of Travel Research 38 (4): 417-423.
  • Malashenok, Victoria (2006). Kırgızistan’da Türkiye’nin Ve Türkler’in İmajı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Mazıcı, Tanyeri Emel ve Tarık Kodal (2015). “Kültürel Diplomasi Aracılığıyla Ülke İmajı: Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Perspektifinden Bir Araştırma”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 (39): 965-974.
  • Milman, Ady and Abraham Pizam (1995). “The Role of Awareness And Familiarity With A Destination: The Central Florida Case”. Journal of Travel Research 35: 21-27.
  • Özsoy, Osman (1999). Dünü, Bugünü, Yarınıyla Türkiye’yi Dünya’ya Açmak. İstanbul: Ziya Ofset.
  • Sarma, Mirinmoy K. (2007). “Influence of Information Sources on Tourists: A Segment- Wise Analysis with Special Focus on Destination Image”. Journal of Business Perspective 11 (1): 35-45.
  • Selby, Martin and Nigel J. Morgan (1996). “Reconstructing Place Image: A Case Study of its Role in Destination Market Research”. Tourism Management 17 (4): 287-294.
  • Sırakaya, Ercan, Sevil F. Sönmez and Hwan-Suk Choi (2001). “Do Destination Images Really Matter? Predicting Destination Choices of Student Travelers”
  • Journal of Vacation Marketing 7 (2): 125-142.
  • Sönmez, Sevil F. and Alan R. Graefe (1998). “Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions”. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (1): 112-144.
  • Stern, Eliahu and Shaul Krakover (1993). The Formation of a Composite Urban Image. Geographical Analysis 25 (2): 130-146.
  • Şahbaz, Ramazan Pars ve Arzu Kılıçlar (2009). “Filmlerin ve Televizyon Dizilerinin Destinasyon İmajına Etkileri”. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 (1): 31-52.
  • Şahin, Güzel Gonca ve Gülçin Ünver (2015). “Destinasyon Pazarlama Aracı Olarak “Gastronomi Turizmi”: İstanbul’un Gastronomi Turizmi Potansiyeli Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 3 (2): 63-73.
  • Tessitore, Tina, Pandelaere, Mario and Anneleen Van Kerckhove (2014). “The Amazing Race to India: Prominence in Reality Television Affects Destination Image and Travel Intentions”. Tourism Management 42: 3-12.
  • Tolungüç, Ahmet (1999). Turizmde Tanıtma ve Reklam. Ankara: Media Cat Yayınları.
  • Tunç, Azize (2003). “Dünyadaki Türkiye İmajının Turizm Sektörüne Etkisi ve Bir Uygulama”. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 1: 38-54.
  • Ural, Ayhan ve İbrahim Kılıç (2006). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Usta, Öcal (2009). Turizm: Genel ve Yapısal Yaklaşım. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Üner, M. Mithat, Evren Güçer ve Aslı Taşçı (2006). “Türkiye Turizminde Yükselen Destinasyon Olarak İstanbul Şehrinin İmajı”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 17 (2): 189-201.
  • Walmsley, J. David and John Jenkins (1993). “Appraisal Images of Tourist Areas: Application of Personal Construction”. Australian Geographer 24 (2): 1-13.
  • Yoldaş, M. Asıf (2013). “Türkiye’deki Turizm Sektöründe Staj Yapmış Kırgız Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gözüyle Türk Turizminin Değerlendirilmesi”. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 34: 1-16.
  • Zhang, Hongmei, Fu, Xiaoxiao, Cai, A. Liping and Lin Lu (2014). “Destination Image and Tourist Loyalty: A Meta-Analysis”. Tourism Management 40: 213-223.

Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 81, 105 - 137, 01.05.2017

Öz

Türkiye turizmi için hedef pazar niteliğindeki Orta Asya Türk Devletleri’nde Türkiye’nin turistik imajının ortaya konulması, ilgili ülkelere yönelik gerçekleştirilecek turizm pazarlamasının nitelik ve kapsamının belirlenmesine temel teşkil etmektedir. Buradan hareketle araştırmanın amacı, Orta Asya Türk Devletleri’nden Kazakistan ve Kırgızistan’daki Türkiye’ye yönelik turistik imajın ve ziyaret eğiliminin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’daki farklı meslek gruplarındaki 674 kişiden veri toplanmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre, genel Türkiye imajının yüksek derecede olumlu olduğu, bu olumlu imajın Türkiye’yi daha önce ziyaret etmiş olanlarda daha yüksek seviyede ve genel imaj oluşumunda en etkili bilgi kaynaklarının “arkadaşlar, meslektaşlar ve akrabalar” ve “filmler ve TV dizileri” olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’ye yapılan ziyaretlerde öncelikli amacın “tatil” ve bununla uyumlu olarak Türkiye denilince ilk akla gelen başlığın da “deniz, tatil ve turizm” olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların destinasyon özelliklerine ilişkin algılamaları ile Türkiye’yi ziyaret etme eğilimleri ve sahip oldukları destinasyon imajı arasında da ilişki tespit edilmiştir p

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Zafar U. (1991). “The Influence of the Components of a State’s Tourists Image on Product Positioning Strategy”. Tourism Management 12 (4): 331-340.
  • Akgül, Aziz ve Osman Çevik (2003). “SPSS’te İşletme Yönetimi Uygulamaları”. İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri. Ankara: Emek Ofset Ltd. Şti.
  • Akyürek, Salih ve M. Sadi Bilgiç (2012a). Kırgızistan’da Türkiye ve Türk Algısı. Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi-BİLGESAM
  • Akyürek, Salih ve M. Sadi Bilgiç (2012b). Kazakistan’da Türkiye ve Türk Algısı. Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi-BİLGESAM
  • Albayrak, Aslı ve Emrah Özkul (2013). “Y Kuşağı Turistlerin Destinasyon İmaj Algıları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic 8 (6): 15-31.
  • Alhemoud, Abdulla and Edward G. Armstrong (1996). “Image of Tourism Attractions in Kuwait”. Journal of Travel Research 34 (4): 76-80.
  • Altınbaşak, İpek (2004). Modeling the Constituents of a Country for the Determination of Priorities Related to Strategic Image Management: The Case of Turkey. Ph.D.
  • Dissertation. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University Press.
  • Altınbaşak, İpek (2008). “Understanding The Prejudices in Order to Improve The Image of Turkey: A Qualitative Study on The Prejudices of Italians About Turkey”. Boğaziçi Journal 22 (1-2): 35-51.
  • Altunışık, Remzi, Recai Coşkun, Serkan Bayraktaroğlu ve Engin Yıldırım (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Alvarez, Maria D. and Sara Campo (2014). “The Influence of Political Conflicts on Country Image and Intention to Visit: A Study of Israel’s Image”. Tourism Management 40: 70-78.
  • Ateşoğlu, İrfan ve Ali Türker (2014). “Tatil Yeri Seçiminde Ülke İmajının Turistin Risk Algısı Üzerine Etkisi”. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 6 (2): 9,28.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus (1996). An Emprical Investigation of Determinants of Tourist Destination Image. Doktora Tezi. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and David Brinberg (1997). “Affective Images of Tourism Destination”. Journal of Travel Research 35 (4): 11–15.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and Ken W. McCleary (1999). “U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors
  • and Non-Visitors”. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research 8 (2): 144–151.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus (2001). “Image Variations of Turkey by Familiarity Index: Informational and Experiential Dimensions”. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 22 (39): 211- 224.
  • Baloglu, Seyhmus and Mehmet Mangaloglu (2001). “Tourism Destination Images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as Perceived by Us-Based Tour Operators and Travel Agents”. Tourism Management 22 (1): 1-9.
  • Beerli, Asuncion and Josefa D. Martin (2004). “Tourist Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Tourist Destinations: A Quantitative Analysis- A Case Study of Lanzarote, Spain”. Tourism Management 25: 623-636.
  • Beeton, Sue (2001). “Smiling for the Camera: The Influence of Film Audiences on a Budget Tourism Destination”. Tourism, Culture and Communication 3 (1): 15–26.
  • Bigne, Enrique, Isabel Sanches and Javier Sanches (2001). “Tourism Image, Evaluation Variables and After Purchase Behaviour: Inter-Relationship”. Tourism Management 22: 607-616.
  • Bruwer, Johan, Marlene Pratt, Anthony Saliba and Martin Hirche (2014). “Regional Destination Image Perception of Tourists within a Winescape Context”. Current Issues in Tourism: 1-21.
  • Chen, Po-Ju and Deborah L. Kersteter (1999). “International Students’ Image of Rural Pennsylvania as a Travel Destinatio”. Journal of Travel Research 37 (Feb): 256-266.
  • Chen, Shis J. and Catty H.C. Hsu (2000). “Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations”. Journal of Travel Research 38: 411-416.
  • Chen, Ching-Fu and Tsai, DungChun (2007). “How Destination and Evaluative Factors Affect Behavioral Intentions?”. Tourism Management 28 (4): 1115-1122.
  • Chew, Elanie Yin Teng and Siti Aqilah Jahari (2014). “Destination Image as a Mediator Between Perceived Risks and Revisit Intention: A Case of Post-Disaster Japan”. Tourism Management 40: 382-393.
  • Chi, Christina Geng-Qing and Hailin Qu (2008). “Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty: An Integrated Approach”. Tourism Management 29: 624-636.
  • Chon, K. S. (1991) “Tourism Destination Image Modification Process: Marketing Implications”. Tourism Management 12 (1): 68-74.
  • Croy, W. Glen (2010). “Planning for Film Tourism: Active Destination Image Management”. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 7 (1): 21-30.
  • Custodio, M. J. Ferreria and Pedro M. D. C. B. Gouveia (2007). “Evaluation of Cognitive Image of a Country/Destination by the Media During the Coverage of Mega- Events: The Case of UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal”. International Journal of Tourism Research 9: 285-296.
  • Çakır, Fatma (2014). “TV Dizilerinin Destinasyon İmajı Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1 (2), 80-89.
  • Çokluk, Ömay; Güçlü Şekercioğlu ve Şener Büyüköztürk (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Echtner, M. Charlotte and Brent J. R. Ritchie (2003). “The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image”. The Journal of Tourism Studies 14 (1): 37- 48.
  • Echtner, M. Charlotte and Brent J. R. Ritchie (1991). “The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image”. Journal of Tourism Studies 2 (2): 2-12.
  • Eşitti, Şakir ve Mehmet Işık (2015). “Sosyal Medyanın Yabancı Turistlerin Türkiye’yi Tatil Destinasyonu Olarak Tercih Etmelerine Etkisi”. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 27: 11-30.
  • Gallarza, Martina G., Irene Gil Saura and Haydee C. Garcia (2002). “Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework”. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (1): 56-78.
  • Gartner, William (1993). Image Formation Process. In Communication and Channel Systems in Tourism Marketing. Eds. M. Uysal and D. R. Fesenmaier. NewYork: Haworth Press. 191-215.
  • Ger, Güliz (1991). Country Image: Perceptions, Attitudes, Associations and Their Relationships to Context, Proceedings of the Third International on Marketing and Development. Eds. R. R. Dholakia and K.C. Bothra. New Delhi, India. 390-398.
  • Gibson, J. Heather, Christine Xeuqing Qi and James J. Zhang (2008). “Destination Image and Intent to Visit China and 2008 Beijing Olympic Games”. Journal of Sports Management 22: 427-450.
  • Gunn, Clare (1988). Tourism Planning. San Francisco: Taylor and Francis. Güçer, Evren (2010). Destinasyon Seçim Kararında İmajın Etkisi: Antalya Örneği. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Gülcan, Bilgehan, Cüneyt Tokmak, Barış Erdem ve Sezen Karabaş (2015). “Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Öğrencilerine Göre Türkiye İmajı”. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4 (1): 91-116.
  • Hsu Cathy H.C., Kara Wolfe and Soo K. Kang (2004). “Image Assesment for a Destination with Limited Comparative Advantages”. Tourism Management 25: 121-126.
  • Hudson, Simpn, Youcheng Wang and Sergio Moreno Gil (2011). “The Influence of a Film on Destination Image and the Desire to Travel: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”. International Journal of Tourism Research 13: 177-190.
  • Hu, Yangzhou and J. R. Brent Ritchie (1993). “Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach”. Journal of Travel Research 32 (2): 25-34.
  • Hui, Tak Kee and Tai Wai David Wan (2003). “Singapores’s Image as a Tourist Destination”. International Journal of Tourism Research 5: 305-313.
  • Hunt, John D. (1975). “Image as a Factor in Tourism Development”. Journal of Travel Research 13 (3): 1-7.
  • Joppe, Marrion, David W. Martin and Judith Wallen (2001). “Toronto’s Image As a Destination: A comporative Importance- Satisfaction Analysis by Origin of Visitors”. Journal of Travel Research 32: 252-260.
  • Kalaycı, Şeref (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kastenholz, Elisabeth (2002). “The Role and Marketing Implications of Destination Images on Tourist Behavior: The Case of North Portugal”. Universitated de Aveiro.
  • Kim, Samuel Seongseop and Alastair M. Morrsion (2005). “Change of Images of South Korea Among Foreign Tourists After the 2002 FIFA World Cup”. Tourism Management 26 (2): 233-247.
  • Kozak, Rıdvan (2003). “Turistik Çekim Merkezi Olarak Türkiye İmajı: İki Asya-Pasifik Ülkesi (Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda) Seyahat Aracıları Temsilcileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Anatolia-Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 14 (2): 141-149. Kozak, Metin, John C. Crotts and Rob Law (2007). “The Impact of the Perception of Risk on International Travelers”. International Journal of Tourism Research 9 (4): 233-242.
  • Lee, In Jae (2002). “Toward a Dynamic Model of Destination Image Formation Examining the Role of Expectation and Direct Experience on Image Formation”. Texas A&M University.
  • Lee, Choong-Ki, Yong-Ki Lee and Bong-Ko Lee (2005). “Korea’s Destination Image Formed by the 2002 World Cup”. Annals of Tourism Research 32 (4): 839-858.
  • Lin, Chung-Hsien, Duarte B. Morais, Deborah L. Kestetter and Jing-Shoung Hou (2007). “Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed and Theme-Park Destinations”. Journal of Travel Research 46 (2): 183-194.
  • MacKay, Kelly J. and Daniel R. Fesenmaier (2000). “An Exploration of Cross Cultural Destination Image Assessment”. Journal of Travel Research 38 (4): 417-423.
  • Malashenok, Victoria (2006). Kırgızistan’da Türkiye’nin Ve Türkler’in İmajı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Mazıcı, Tanyeri Emel ve Tarık Kodal (2015). “Kültürel Diplomasi Aracılığıyla Ülke İmajı: Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Perspektifinden Bir Araştırma”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 (39): 965-974.
  • Milman, Ady and Abraham Pizam (1995). “The Role of Awareness And Familiarity With A Destination: The Central Florida Case”. Journal of Travel Research 35: 21-27.
  • Özsoy, Osman (1999). Dünü, Bugünü, Yarınıyla Türkiye’yi Dünya’ya Açmak. İstanbul: Ziya Ofset.
  • Sarma, Mirinmoy K. (2007). “Influence of Information Sources on Tourists: A Segment- Wise Analysis with Special Focus on Destination Image”. Journal of Business Perspective 11 (1): 35-45.
  • Selby, Martin and Nigel J. Morgan (1996). “Reconstructing Place Image: A Case Study of its Role in Destination Market Research”. Tourism Management 17 (4): 287-294.
  • Sırakaya, Ercan, Sevil F. Sönmez and Hwan-Suk Choi (2001). “Do Destination Images Really Matter? Predicting Destination Choices of Student Travelers”
  • Journal of Vacation Marketing 7 (2): 125-142.
  • Sönmez, Sevil F. and Alan R. Graefe (1998). “Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions”. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (1): 112-144.
  • Stern, Eliahu and Shaul Krakover (1993). The Formation of a Composite Urban Image. Geographical Analysis 25 (2): 130-146.
  • Şahbaz, Ramazan Pars ve Arzu Kılıçlar (2009). “Filmlerin ve Televizyon Dizilerinin Destinasyon İmajına Etkileri”. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 (1): 31-52.
  • Şahin, Güzel Gonca ve Gülçin Ünver (2015). “Destinasyon Pazarlama Aracı Olarak “Gastronomi Turizmi”: İstanbul’un Gastronomi Turizmi Potansiyeli Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 3 (2): 63-73.
  • Tessitore, Tina, Pandelaere, Mario and Anneleen Van Kerckhove (2014). “The Amazing Race to India: Prominence in Reality Television Affects Destination Image and Travel Intentions”. Tourism Management 42: 3-12.
  • Tolungüç, Ahmet (1999). Turizmde Tanıtma ve Reklam. Ankara: Media Cat Yayınları.
  • Tunç, Azize (2003). “Dünyadaki Türkiye İmajının Turizm Sektörüne Etkisi ve Bir Uygulama”. Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 1: 38-54.
  • Ural, Ayhan ve İbrahim Kılıç (2006). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Usta, Öcal (2009). Turizm: Genel ve Yapısal Yaklaşım. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Üner, M. Mithat, Evren Güçer ve Aslı Taşçı (2006). “Türkiye Turizminde Yükselen Destinasyon Olarak İstanbul Şehrinin İmajı”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 17 (2): 189-201.
  • Walmsley, J. David and John Jenkins (1993). “Appraisal Images of Tourist Areas: Application of Personal Construction”. Australian Geographer 24 (2): 1-13.
  • Yoldaş, M. Asıf (2013). “Türkiye’deki Turizm Sektöründe Staj Yapmış Kırgız Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gözüyle Türk Turizminin Değerlendirilmesi”. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 34: 1-16.
  • Zhang, Hongmei, Fu, Xiaoxiao, Cai, A. Liping and Lin Lu (2014). “Destination Image and Tourist Loyalty: A Meta-Analysis”. Tourism Management 40: 213-223.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Bilgehan Gülcan. Bu kişi benim

Evren Gücer. Bu kişi benim

Kutay Oktay Bu kişi benim

M.murat Kızanlıklı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 81

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülcan., B., Gücer., E., Oktay, K., Kızanlıklı, M. (2017). Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Bilig(81), 105-137.
AMA Gülcan. B, Gücer. E, Oktay K, Kızanlıklı M. Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Bilig. Mayıs 2017;(81):105-137.
Chicago Gülcan., Bilgehan, Evren Gücer., Kutay Oktay, ve M.murat Kızanlıklı. “Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan Ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması”. Bilig, sy. 81 (Mayıs 2017): 105-37.
EndNote Gülcan. B, Gücer. E, Oktay K, Kızanlıklı M (01 Mayıs 2017) Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Bilig 81 105–137.
IEEE B. Gülcan., E. Gücer., K. Oktay, ve M. Kızanlıklı, “Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması”, Bilig, sy. 81, ss. 105–137, Mayıs 2017.
ISNAD Gülcan., Bilgehan vd. “Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan Ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması”. Bilig 81 (Mayıs 2017), 105-137.
JAMA Gülcan. B, Gücer. E, Oktay K, Kızanlıklı M. Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Bilig. 2017;:105–137.
MLA Gülcan., Bilgehan vd. “Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan Ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması”. Bilig, sy. 81, 2017, ss. 105-37.
Vancouver Gülcan. B, Gücer. E, Oktay K, Kızanlıklı M. Orta Asya Türk Devletlerinde Türkiye’nin Turistik İmajı: Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da Bir Alan Araştırması. Bilig. 2017(81):105-37.

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkanlığı