2020 Azerbaycan-Ermenistan Ateşkesine Göre Yerinden Edilenlerin Dağlık Karabağ’a Geri Dönüşü

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 101, 57 - 86, 27.04.2022

Ümmühan Elçin Ertuğrul

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10103

Cited By: 1

Öz

1988 yılında, Dağlık Karabağ konusunda, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan arasında silahlı çatışmalar başlamış, 1992-1994 arasında geniş kapsamlı bir savaşa dönüşmüştür. 1994’teki ateşkes tam olarak çatışmasızlık getirmemiştir. En son 27 Eylül 2020 tarihinde başlayan silahlı çatışma, 9 Kasım 2020 tarihinde, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan ve Rusya arasında imzalanan ateşkes anlaşmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Bu anlaşmanın 7. maddesine göre, “Ülke içinde yerinden edilmiş kişiler ve mülteciler, Dağlık Karabağ ve komşu bölgelere Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliğinin kontrolünde geri dönecekler” dir. Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliğine göre, Azerbaycan ülkesi içinde olan Dağlık Karabağ ve komşu bölgelerine geri dönecek mülteci sayısının yaklaşık 90.000 ve ülke içinde yerinden edilmiş kişi sayısının 640.000’den fazla olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Ülke içinde yerinden edilmiş kişiler ve mülteciler, “yerinden edilmiş kişi” üst başlığında toplanmış olsa da uluslararası hukukta korunmaları birbirinden farklıdır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu anlaşma maddesi, özellikle Ülke İçinde Yerinden Edilen Kişilerin korunması konusunda reform ihtiyacı ve yasal boşlukları da vurgulayarak, uluslararası hukuk ve uluslararası insancıl hukuk çerçevesinde incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ülke içinde yerinden edilen kişiler, mülteciler, geri dönüş, uluslararası insancıl hukuk, uluslararası hukuk

The Return of Displaced Persons to Nagorno-Karabakh According to 2020 Azerbaijan-Armenia Ceasefire

Öz

In 1988, armed conflicts started between Armenia and Azerbaijan on the Nagorno-Karabakh, and it turned into a comprehensive war between 1992-1994.The ceasefire in 1994 did not bring complete non-conflict. The armed conflict which recently started on 27th September 2020, resulted in the ceasefire agreement signed on 9th December 2020 among the Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Armenia and Russian Federation. According to article 7th of the agreement, “Internal displaced persons and refugees are returning to the territory of Nagorno- Karabakh and adjacent
districts under the control of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees.” According to UNHCR, refugees will be returned to Nagorno Karabakh and adjacent regions in Azerbaijan territory are approximately 90.000 in number whereas internally displaced persons who are in the same situations are more than 640.000. Although Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees are grouped under the term of Displaced Persons, their protection under the International Law is different from each other. This study is examined the above-mentioned article of the
agreement under the International Law and International Humanitarian Law which also is emphasizing legal gaps and the need for reform on the protection of especially Internal Displaced Persons.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Internally displaced persons, refugees, returned, international humanitarian law, international law

Kaynakça

• @presidantaz. “Security and infrastructure issues need to be addressed first for the displaced persons’ return. Those areas require demining. We will bring in international organizations in the process.” Twitter, 11 Kasım 2020, 6:56 pm., /twitter.com/presidentaz/status/1326554355227480071.
• 1936 tarihli Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği Anayasası, https://constitutii.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/1936-en.pdf.
• 1977 tarihli Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği Anayasası, https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/77cons03.html#chap11.
• “Armenian Protester demand prime minister quit over deal with NagornoKarabakh.” The Guardian, 5 December 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/05/armenian- protestersdemand-prime-minister-quit-over-deal-with-nagorno-karabakh.
• “Armenian Protester demand prime minister quit over deal with NagornoKarabakh.” The Guardian, 5 December 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/05/armenian- protestersdemand-prime-minister-quit-over-deal-with-nagorno-karabakh.
• “Armenia-Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict.” https://static.president.az/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMjAvMDkvMDIvN29jeG9qNXZial9RYXJhYmFnXzIwMjBfRU5HLnBkZiJdXQ?sha=0bd92c6276c837fa.
• “Ceasefire Agreement.” Bishkek, https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/990.
• “Dağlık Karabağ sorunu nedir? Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan arasında çözülemeyen mesele nasıl başladı?” Euronews, 28.09.2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/27/dagl-k-karabag-sorunu nedirazerbaycan-ile-ermenistan-aras-ndaki-cozumsuz-mesele-nas-l-bas.
• “Executive Summary of the ‘Report of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs’ Field Assessment Mission to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh.” https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/76209.pdf.
• “How does IHL protect refugees and internally displaced persons.” ICRC, 22 January 2015, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/how-does-humanitarian-law-protectrefugees-and-internally- displaced-persons-0.
• “Internally displaced persons and refugees are returning to the territory of NagornoKarabakh and adjacent districts under the control of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.” UNHCR, October 2009. https://www.unhcr.org/4bd7edbd9.pdf.
• “Key Considerations for Returns to Nagorno Karabakh and the Adjacent Districts.” UNHCR, November 2020, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5fc0e1e24.pdf.
• “Nagorno-Karabakh: New Opening, or More Peril?” International Crisis Group, Report No. 239, 4 July 2016, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/azerbaijan/nagorno-karabakh-new-opening-or-more-peril.
• “Nagorno- Karabakh conflict: Bachelet warns of possible war crimes as attacks continue in populated areas.” Naciones Unidas Derechos Humanos, 2 November 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/SP/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=26464.
• “Military occupation of Azerbaijan by Armenia.” Overview, Last updated: Monday 22nd February 2021, https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-azerbaijanby- armenia#collapse3accord.
• “Refugees and displaced persons protected under international humanitarian law.” 29.10.2010, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/protected-persons/refugees-displaced-persons/overview- displaced-protected.htm.
• “Statement by the OSCE Minsk Group Co- Chair countries.” Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 10 July 2009, https://www.osce.org/mg/51152.
• “The Bishkek Protocol.” 5 May 1994, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/Bishkek%20Protocol.pdf.
• “The War Report: Armed Conflicts in 2018.” RULAC, (3 June 2019), https://www.rulac.org/news/the-war-report-armed-conflicts-in-2018.
• “Use of Force.” International Law Association. The Hague Conference, 2010, https://www.rulac.org/assets/downloads/ILA_report_armed_conflict_2010.pdf (A/RES/62/243) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/478/35/PDF/N0747835.pdf?OpenElement.
• Azerbaijan: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, UNHCR, October 2009, https://www.unhcr.org/4bd7edbd9.pdf.
• Azerbaycan Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti, Ermənistan Respublikasının Baş naziri və Rusiya Federasiyasının Prezidentinin Bəyanatı.” No:406/20. https://mfa.gov.az/az/news/7026/view, https://mfa.gov.az/en/ news/7026/view.
• Azerbaycan Savunma Bakanlığı. “List of Servicemen who died as Shehids in the Patriotic War.” 15 December 2020, https://mod.gov.az/en/news/list-ofservicemen-who-died-as-shehids-in-the- patriotic-war-34088.html.
• Abdullahzade, Cavid. Hukuki Yönleriyle Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu. Adalet Yayınevi, 2014.
• Akçay, Deniz. “Dağlık Karabağ Uyuşmazlığında Self Determinasyon Tezlerinin Göreceliği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 65, 2020, ss.101-129.
• Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_tur.pdf.
• Ayhan, Halis. Kendi Kaderini Tayin ve Kosova. Legal Yayınevi, 2017
• Batur Yamaner, Melike vd. 12 Ağustos 1949 Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri. Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Bellal, Annyssa. “Nagorno- Karabakh: Severe Clashes in April 2016.” The War Report, Armed Conflicts in 2016, March 2017, ss. 41-44. https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/The%20War%20Report%202016.pdf.
• Ceasefire Agreement. 1994. https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/990.
• Demirci, Mehmet Cem. “Azerbaycan-Ermenistan ve Rusya arasında imzalanan anlaşmanın stratejik seviyede kazananı kim?” Euronews, 11 Kasım 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/11/11/azerbaycan-ermenistan-ve-rusya-arasnda-imzalanan-anlasman-n-stratejik-seviyede-kazanan-ki.
• Deng, Francis M. “Dealing with the Displaced: A Challenge to the International Community.” Global Governance, 1995, ss. 45-57. E/CN.4/1996/52/Add.2, Economic and Social Council, 5 December 1965. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G95/146/89/PDF/G9514689.pdf?OpenElement.
• Ertuğrul, Ümmühan Elçin. “Silahlı Çatışmalardan Kaçanların (Yerinden Edilenlerin) Uluslararası Hukukta Korunması.” Ankara Barosu Dergisi, no. 75, 2017, ss.150-180.
• Gasparyan, Arsen. “Understanding the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict: domestic politics and twenty five years of fruitless negotiations 1994-2018.” Caucasus Survey, no. 7, 2019, ss. 235-250.
• Guiding Principles on Internal Displamecent. UNHCR, 2004, https://www.unhcr.org/protection/idps/43ce1cff2/guiding-principles-internal-displacement.html.
• Handbook on Procedures Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4., 2019, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html.
• Henckaerts, Jean-Marie, ve Louise Doswald-Beck. Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (ÖrfAdet) Hukuku. Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, 2005.
• Jacques, Melanie. Armed Conflict and Displacement. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Jarosiewicz, Alexandra, and Macie Falkowski. “The four-day war in NagornoKarabakh.” Centre For Eastern Studies, 06.04. 2016, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2016-04-06/four-day- war-nagorno-karabakh.
• Kalin, Walter. Ülke İçinde Yerinden Olma Konusunda Yol Gösterici İlkeler. Çev. Kerem Altıparmak. İmaj Yayınevi, 2005.
• Nagorno- Karabakh Consultation, Security Council Report, 19 Oct. 2020, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/10/nagorno-karabakhconsultations.php. Odman, M. Tevfik. Mülteci Hukuku. AÜSBF İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları, 1995.
• Orchard, Phil. “Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Soft Law as a Normgenerating Mechanism.” Review of International Studies, no. 36, 2010, ss. 281-303. Özyılmaz, Emine Vildan. “Geçmişten Günümüze Dağlık Karabağ.” Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, no.15, 2013, ss. 191-208.
• Paşayeva, Gülşen, İrada Bağirova, Kamal Makili Aliyev, ve Ferhad Mehdiyev. “SSCB’de Yarı-Özerkliğin Hukuki Durumu: Dağlık Karabağ Özerk Bölgesi Örneği.” Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, no.14, 2013, ss. 69-103.
• Prosecutor v. Dusco Tadic a/k/a “Dule”, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (2 Octobre 1995), https://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm.
• Sarıkaya, Yalçın. “44 Gün Savaşı:Azerbaycan’ın Karabağ Zaferi.” TASAV, Aralık 2020, https://www.tasav.org/media/k2/attachments/TASAVRapor_44GunSavasiAzerbaycaninKarabagZaferi_Aralık2020.pdf.
• S/RES/822 (1993). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/247/71/IMG/N9324771.pdf?OpenElement.
• S/RES/853 (1993). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElement.
• S/RES/874 (1993). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElement.
• S/RES/884 (1993). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElement.
• Taşdemir, Fatma. “İnsan Hakları Hukuku ve İnsancıl Hukuk Açısından Türkiye’nin Ayrılıkçı Terör Örgütü PKK İle Mücadelesi.” Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, no. XVI, vol.1, 2012, ss.107-151.
• UNHCR Global Trends in Forced Displacement-2020. https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forceddisplacement-2020.html.