İbrahim el-Yâzicî'nin Arap Diline Katkıları

Öz

Tam adı İbrahim b. Nâsîf b. ‘Abdullah b. Nâsîf b. Canbolât b. Sa’d el-Yâzicî el-Hımsî’dir. 2 Mart 1847 tarihinde Beyrut’ta dünyaya gelmiştir. Edebiyatçı bir ailede doğup yetişmiş olması sebebiyle küçüklüğünden itibaren iyi bir eğitim alarak büyümüştür. Bu sayede çocukluk ve gençlik dönemlerinde şiir yazmaya başlamış ama daha sonra Arap dili ve edebiyatı çalışmalarına ağırlık vermek istediği için şiiri bırakmıştır.

Kendisini yazar, şair, dilci, eleştirmen, öğretmen, gazeteci, bilim adamı (kâşif astrolog) ve sanatçı (resim, müzik, oyma, nakış ve süsleme) olarak gördüğümüz çok yönlü bu şahsiyet Arap dili için yaptığı çalışmalarla öne çıkmıştır. Hayatını adeta Arapçaya adayan el-Yâzicî, Arapçanın yaşadığı problemleri çözmek için gayret göstermiş; dilin doğru kullanılması, korunması adına birtakım değerlendirme ve önerilerde bulunmuştur. مجلة (dergi) kelimesini ilk kullanan kişi olarak Arapçanın yabancı kelimeler karşısında tahrifata uğramaması adına ta‘rîbin önemine vurgu yapmış ve 38 kelimeyi Arapçalaştırmak suretiyle dile kazandırmıştır. Sanayi, teknoloji ve benzeri alanlarda gelişen dünyanın gerisinde kalan ve modern sözcükleri bünyesinde barındırmadığı için yabancı dillerin istilasına maruz kalan Arapçayı korumak adına öncelikli olarak iştikakı gerekli görmüştür. Bunun için döneminde ihmal edildiğini düşündüğü bazı vezinlere, kelime türetiminde kullanılmasını önererek dikkat çekmiştir.  Diğer dilcilerden ayrı olarak nahtın üçlü fiillerde olabileceğini iddia eden ilk kişidir. Ammîcenin fushânın yerini alacak kadar yaygınlaşmasına karşılık Arap halkını fasih olan dillerini korumaya çağırmıştır. Arap dili için yaptığı tüm çalışmalarında dilde aşırı titiz olması ve hataya tahammül edememesinin yanı sıra milliyetçi duygularla hareket etmesinin de büyük etkisi bulunmaktadır. O, Arapların içinde bulundukları atalet ve geri kalmış olma hallerinden silkinmelerini, tam bağımsız bir millet olarak yaşamaları gerektiği bilincine varmalarını ve bunun için herkesin üzerine düşeni yapmasını istemiştir. Yani hem halkın hem dilin bozulmasından duyduğu endişeler çalışmalarının tetikleyicisi olmuştur. el-Yâzicî’nın Arap dili ile ilgili araştırma ve görüşlerini kaleme aldığı makalelerinin kitaplaştırıldığı Ebhâs Lugaviyye, onun dil ile ilgili düşüncelerini ihtiva eden temel bir kaynaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• eş-Şeyh İbrâhîm el-Yâzicî,Ebhâs Lugaviyye,Ta'rîb,İştikak,Naht

Al-Seikh Ibrahim Al-Yaziji’s Contributions To Arabic Language

Öz

His full name was Ibrahim b. Nasif b. ‘Abdullah b. Nasif b. Janbolad b. Sa‘d al-Yaziji al-Himsi, and he was born in Beirut on March 2, 1847. Being born and raised in a family containing many men of letters, he received a good education from his early childhood onwards. After starting to write poetry in his childhood and as a teenager, he gave it up to focus on studies of the Arabic language and literature.

The versatility of this person, who can be described as an author, poet, linguist, critic, teacher, journalist, scientist (explorer and astronomer) and artist, was topped by his studies of the Arabic language. al-Yaziji devoted almost his entire life to Arabic and has made significant efforts to resolve the problems encountered in the language while making comments and recommendations for its correct use and preservation. 

At the time when Ibrahim al-Yaziji was alive, the deficiencies, lack of development and deterioration of the Arabic language had become impossible to ignore, and al-Yaziji, like other authors of his time, was bothered by this situation. The existing dictionaries were far from meeting the needs of authors and translators, and this made it very difficult to write about many of the new issues in the modern world. Arabic had always been known to have a rich reservoir of words, expressions and descriptions, but as Arab society had failed to adopt new technologies, the words generated related to the innovations in such fields as science and industry had no Arabic equivalents, leading to a need for systematic efforts to bring Arabic up to date with modern life. According to al-Yaziji, this could first be done with ishtiqaq, through which equivalents can be derived for foreign words from existing Arabic words. This is necessary, as when there is no equivalent in Arabic for a foreign word, the foreign word would be taken as is, leading to an inevitable distortion of the language. For Arabic to keep up with the times through its own resources, al-Yaziji drew attention to some of the inflections overlooked in morphology books, being of the opinion that putting these inflections to work would help fill in the current gap.

When ishtiqaq was not possible, ta‘rib was been the next course of action, meaning Arabization or Arabicization, and refers to the assimilation of foreign words into Arabic with modifications to make them compatible with the language. There are two methods of ta‘rib that are particularly important. The first, adopted by Sibawayh and most linguists, is to replace letters that do not exist in the Arabic language with their closest Arabic counterparts. Most of the Arabized words in this category are common nouns, and this method aims to prevent a foreign element from entering Arabic. The second method, advocated by Ibn Khaldun, was to adopt foreign words without amendments. As most words in this category are proper nouns, amending them could lead to problems with recognition. The aim of this second method, which advocates for the direct adoption of foreign words, is to prevent changes in the language of the people. These two methods would appear to be at odds at first glance, but in practice they were used in different fields, depending on the nature of the foreign words in question. 

Ta‘rib applies only to names, and cannot be applied to verbs, in that Arabic verbs have a special structure that is without comparison in other languages. Due to this unique character of the roots and inflections of Arabic verbs, for a foreign verb to be Arabized, it may have to undergo significant changes to be compatible with these rules, which may even take the form of amending the order of syllables. When this happens, the foreign origin of the word may be forgotten, and people may mistake them for spontaneously created words. This, in turn, would mean a foreign element entering the language and distorting it. Of course, this is not limited to a single verb entering the language. As Arabic is based on ishtiqaq, other word forms with special inflections will also enter the language, such as those for verbal nouns, active participles, passive participles, resembling participles, hyperboles, time nouns, place nouns and utilitarian nouns. Accordingly, the leniency shown in the Arabization of nouns should not be shown in the case of verbs. Arabizing verbs is thus discouraged, although there are many verbs derived from Arabized nouns. The most important contribution of al-Yaziji in this field was his Arabization of 38 foreign words that needed to undergo ta‘rib. 

Ibrahim al-Yaziji viewed himself as an innovator/reformer. According to Yusuf Kazma Huri, Ibrahim al-Yaziji was the first person to establish that the “naht” art form can be created with three-letter verbs. According to al-Yaziji, three-letter verbs have in fact two different, overlapping roots. The author thought that this view could be considered odd, being the first time it was being argued, but stood by his argument and supported it with examples.

Regarding colloquial and standard Arabic, he was of the opinion that the widespread use of colloquial use would lead almost to the replacement of standard Arabic, thus posing a serious threat to the language, and he expressed his concerns in this regard. At the time (19th century), foreigners wanted to write Arabic using the Latin alphabet, arguing that the Arabic alphabet was difficult to write, and advocated the use of the colloquial as the language of education, suggesting that the detailed grammar of standard Arabic made it too difficult to learn. They were of the opinion that colloquial Arabic would serve as a better scientific language than standard Arabic, in that it contained also modern/foreign words as well. al-Yaziji evaluated and countered all of these arguments being made in particular by foreigners and called upon the Arab people to protect their language.

al-Yaziji also examined and evaluated the claims of Arabs, Jews, Assyrians and Armenians that their language was the source of all Semitic languages, reaching the conclusion that none of these languages were the source from which the others originated, but that all originated from a common source. In his treatise on the issue, he compared and contrasted Arabic and Hebrew.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• al-Seikh Ibrahim al-Yaziji,Ebhas Lugaviyye,Ta'rib,Ishtiqaq,Naht

Kaynakça

1. 'ABBÛD, Mârûn. Edebu'l-'Arab. Mısır: Hindâvî, 2012.AH MED, İbrahim. Mevsû'atu A'lâm. Riyad: Dâru'ş-Şerîf, 1998.ALİ, Muhammed Kürd. el-Mu'âsirûn. haz. Muhammed el-Mısrî. Matbaatu Dâru Ebû Bekr.BAYAM, Abdulkadir. ''Arap Dilinde İştikâk''. yüksek lisans tezi, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.BELÂSÎ, Muhammed es-Seyyid 'Ali. ''Arap Dilinde Naht''. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2003): 407-416.CİVELEK, Yakup. ''Arap Dilinde Naht ve Kelime Türetmede Naht Yönteminin Kullanımı''. Nüsha Dergisi 3, sy. 10 (Yaz 2003): 97-118.ÇETİNER, Bedreddin. ''Arap Aleminde Fasîh Dil-Âmmi Dil Mücadelesi''. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 7-8-9-10,(1995): 345-361.DÂGİR, Yûsuf Es'ad. Mesâsiru'd-Dirâseti'l-'Arabiyye. Lübnan.DUSUKÎ, Ömer. Neş'etu Nesri'l-Hadîs ve Tetavvuruhû. Kahire: Dâru'l-Fikri'l-'Arabî, 2007.ED-DUSUKÎ, Vâil İbrahim. ''Mecelletu'z-Ziyâ li-Sâhibihâ eş-Şeyh İbrahim el-Yâzicî. erişim: 27 Mayıs 2017. http://hadarat.ahram.org.eg/Articles/تراث/مجلة-الضياءلصاحبها--الشيخ-اليازجي-011015.EL-CÜNDÎ, Edhem. A'lâmu'l-Edeb ve'l-Fen. Şam: Matbaatu'l-İttihâd, 1958.EL-FÂHÛRÎ, Hannâ. el-Mûcez fi'l-Edebi'l-'Arabî ve Târîhuhû. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Cîl, 2003.EL-FÂHÛRÎ, Hanna. Târîhu'l-Edebi'l-'Arabî. Lübnan: Dâru'l-Yûsuf.EL-YÂZİCÎ, eş-Şeyh İbrahim. Nüc'atu'r-Râid ve Şir'atu'l-Vârid fi'l-Müterâdif ve'l-Mütevârid. haz. Emîr Nedîm Âl Nâsiru'd-Dîn. Lübnan: Mektebetu Lübnân, 1970.EL-YÂZİCÎ, eş-Şeyh İbrâhîm. Ebhâs Lugaviyye. haz. Yûsusf Kazmâ Hûrî. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Hamrâ, 1993.EL-YÂZİCÎ, eş-Şeyh İbrâhîm. Es'ile ilâ Mecelleti'l-Beyân ve'z-Ziyâ ve Ecvibetu'ş-Şeyh İbrâhîm el-Yâzicî 'aleyhâ. haz. Yûsuf Kazma Hûrî. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Hamrâ, 1993.FAZLIOĞLU, Şükran. ''YÂZİCÎ, İbrâhîm b. Nâsîf''. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: 2013.FERRÛH, Ömer. el-Minhâc. Beyrut: Mektebetu'l-'Asriyye.GÜNDÜZÖZ, Soner. Arapçanın Söz Varlığı. Ankara: Grafiker, 2015.JEHA, Michel. İbrahim el-Yâzicî. Londra: Riad el-Rayyes, 1992.KARAARSLAN, Nasuhi Ünal. ''Ta'rîb''. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 2011.MÜRUVVE, Edîb. es-Sıhâfetu'l-'Arabiyye. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Mektebeti'l-Hayât.OĞUZ, Orhan. ''Arapçada Naht Yöntemi ve Kelime Türetilmesi''. Marife Dergisi 16, sy. 1 (Yaz 2016): 9-17.SÂBÂ, İsâ Mîhâil. eş-Şeyh İbrâhîm el-Yâzicî. Kahire: Dâru'l-Maârif.SERKÎS, Yûsuf Elyân. Mu'cemu'l-Matbû'âti'l-'Arabiyyeti ve'l-Mu'arrabe, 1928.ŞEYHO, Luvîs. Târîhu'l-Edebi'l-'Arabiyye fi'l-karni't-tâsi' 'aşer. Beyrut.TARRÂZÎ, Filib di. Târîhu's-Sıhâfeti'l-'Arabiyye. Beyrut: Matbaatu'l-Edebiyye, 1928.ZEYDÂN, Corcî. Târîhu 'Adâbi'l-Lugati'l-'Arabiyye. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Mektebeti'l-Hayât, 1967.ZEYDAN, Corcî. Meşâhîru'ş-Şark. Lübnan: Dâru'l-Mektebeti'l-Hayât.ZEYYÂT, Ahmet Hasan. Târîhu'l-Edebi'l-'Arabî. Kahire: Dâru Nahdati Mısr.ZİYÂDE, Nikola. A'lâm 'Arab Muhdesûn. Beyrut: el-Ehliyye, 1994.