An Investigation into the Saudi Arabia–China Energy Partnership as a Catalyst for Geopolitical and Economic Transformation
Öz
This paper explores the strategic Saudi-Chinese energy relationship and looks at its geopolitical and economic impacts as an energy-finance regulation re-maker in the global energy-finance system. The study has used a qualitative application of case study in conducting the research, which is based on the theories of economic statecraft and complex interdependence, to break down the empirical evidence of joint ventures (e.g., Saudi Aramco refining projects in China), Renminbi-calculated oil transactions, and mediation of Saudi-Iran relations by China. The results indicate that the institutionalization of energy-industrial synergies forms the basis of long-term interdependence, and the incremental changes towards the use of Renminbi in oil trade is an indication of multi-currency hedging strategy but limited by the liquidity dominance of the dollar. In addition, the China factor in the Saudi-Iran rapprochement of 2023 can highlight its development as a non-aligned security actor, which can fit Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 and BRICS needs. However, structural constraints do not disappear such as dependency on the U.S. security assurances and regional insecurity. The paper adds to the knowledge of how the middle powers and the emerging economies are co-producers of the alternative forms of governance via the hybrid economic-diplomatic systems. It is important because it addresses the interaction between energy-finance interdependence and infrastructural diplomacy in reinventing statecraft in the 21st century, and has implications to future studies of digital currencies and regional transferability.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Saudi–China energy partnership energy–finance interdependence infrastructure diplomacy oil trade denominated in Renminbi geopolitical transformation
Kaynakça
- Abb, P. (2025). Is there a Chinese “developmental peace”? Evidence from the Belt and Road Initiative’s impact on conflict states. Journal of Contemporary China, 34(155), 861-879.
- Agbede, O. O., Akhigbe, E. E., Ajayi, A. J., & Egbuhuzor, N. S. (2024). Financial modeling for global energy market impacts of geopolitical events and economic regulations. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(2), 272-296.
- Al-Dosary, A. S., & Rahman, S. M. (2005). Saudization (localization)–a critical review. Human Resource Development International, 8(4), 495-502.
- Al-Sulayman, F., & Alterman, J. B. (2023). China's Essential Role in the Gulf States' Energy Transitions. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Ballis, A. (2025). Geopolitical Tensions and Financial Networks: Strategic Shifts Toward Alternatives. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.21480. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.21480.
- Baumann, H. (2025). Monetary statecraft in the service of counter-revolution: Gulf monarchies’ deposits to Arab states’ central banks 1998–2022. Review of International Political Economy, 32(4), 1122-1144.
- Chahrour, R., & Valchev, R. (2022). Trade Finance and the Durability of the Dollar. The Review of Economic Studies, 89(4), 1873-1910.
- Chan, S., & Drury, A. (Eds.). (2000). Sanctions as economic statecraft: Theory and practice. Springer.
- Chen, J., Shu, M., & Wen, S. (2018). Aligning China’s belt and road initiative with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision: Opportunities and challenges. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(03), 363-379.
- Dahdal, A. M., & Ghafar, A. A. (2025). The Digital Silk Road:“Tech-Diplomacy” as a Paradigm for Understanding Technological Adoption and Emerging Digital Regulations in MENA. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1-26.
- Fulton, J. (2018). China's relations with the Gulf monarchies. Routledge.
- Gater-Smith, P. (2017). Complex interdependence in the China–Saudi–US triangle?: Assessing shifts in the issue area linkages between energy trade and security ties. In China's Presence in the Middle East (pp. 88-119). Routledge.
- Ghiselli, A., & Ehteshami, A. (2024). The Persian Gulf's Transition From American Unipolarity. Middle East Policy, 31(1), 19-32.
- Gong, X. L., Feng, Y. K., Liu, J. M., & Xiong, X. (2023). Study on international energy market and geopolitical risk contagion based on complex network. Resources Policy, 82, 103495.
- Habibi, N. (2020). The Persian Gulf and China: The Growth and Limits of Economic Ties. Middle East Briefs, 34201.
- Hajeeh, M. A. (2023). Assessment of technology transfer to Gulf cooperation council countries. International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, 13(4), 152-173.
- Holbraad, C. (1971). The role of middle powers. Cooperation and Conflict, 6(1), 77-90.
- Ibekwe, K. I., Etukudoh, E. A., Nwokediegwu, Z. Q. S., Umoh, A. A., Adefemi, A., & Ilojianya, V. I. (2024). Energy security in the global context: A comprehensive review of geopolitical dynamics and policies. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(1), 152-168.
- Kakabayev, M., Babayev, Y., Esengulyyev, E., & Jummanov, U. (2024). Economic Diversification Strategies For Oil Dependent Economies. Символ науки, (11-2-1), 9-11.
- Mashatt, M. (2008). Conflict-sensitive approach to infrastructure development (Vol. 197). United States Institute of Peace.
- Mathews, J. A., & Selden, M. (2018). China: The emergence of the Petroyuan and the challenge to US dollar hegemony. Asia-Pacific Journal, 16(22), e4.
- Mileva, E., & Siegfried, N. (2012). Oil market structure, network effects and the choice of currency for oil invoicing. Energy Policy, 44, 385-394.
- Milner, H. (1993). American debt and world power. International Journal, 48(3), 527-560.
- Mo, C. (2014). The transnationalization strategy of chinese oil companies: Case studies of sudan and saudi arabia. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 13(5-6), 613-625.
- Monk, A. H. (2011). Sovereignty in the era of global capitalism: the rise of sovereign wealth funds and the power of finance. Environment and Planning A, 43(8), 1813-1832.
- Papageorgiou, M. M. (2023). China’s growing presence in the Middle East’s arms race and security dynamics. In The arms race in the Middle East: Contemporary security dynamics (pp. 257-272). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Qian, X. (2016). The New Silk Road in West Asia under “the Belt and Road” Initiative. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 10(1), 26-55.
- Qin, Q., & Razali, S. Z. (2025). Strategic Hedging in a Multipolar World: Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy Transformation Under “Vision 2030”. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 11(3), 72-89.
- Sun, D., Xu, H., & Tu, Y. (2022). In with the New: China's Nuclear‐Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East. Middle East Policy, 29(1), 41-60.
- Sun, D., & Zoubir, Y. (2018). China’s participation in conflict resolution in the Middle East and North Africa: a case of quasi-mediation diplomacy? Journal of Contemporary China, 27(110), 224-243.
- Tordo, S., & Anouti, Y. (2013). Local content policies in the oil and gas sector: Case studies. World Bank Publications.
- Ullah, A., & Xinlei, L. (2025). Energy Interdependence and Economic Statecraft: A Critical Analysis of the Sino–Saudi Oil Partnership. China Report, 61(4), 456-486.
- Wang, X., Al‐Dhafeeire, S. K., & Sun, D. (2025). Saudi Arabia's US‐China Hedging Strategy and Its Regional Impact. Middle East Policy.
- Yarhi-Milo, K., Lanoszka, A., & Cooper, Z. (2016). To arm or to ally? The patron's dilemma and the strategic logic of arms transfers and alliances. International Security, 41(2), 90-139.
Suudi Arabistan-Çin Enerji Ortaklığı Jeopolitik ve Ekonomik Dönüşüm İçin Bir Katalizör Olarak Görülmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Öz
Bu çalışma, Suudi Arabistan ile Çin arasındaki stratejik enerji ilişkisini inceleyerek söz konusu ortaklığın küresel enerji-finans sisteminde enerji-finans yönetişimini yeniden şekillendiren bir mekanizma olarak jeopolitik ve ekonomik etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Araştırmada, ekonomik devletçilik ve karmaşık karşılıklı bağımlılık kuramlarına dayanan nitel vaka çalışması yöntemi kullanılmış; Suudi Aramco’nun Çin’deki rafinaj yatırımları gibi ortak girişimler, Renminbi cinsinden petrol işlemleri ve Çin’in Suudi Arabistan–İran ilişkilerindeki arabuluculuğu gibi ampirik bulgular değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, enerji-sanayi sinerjilerinin kurumsallaşmasının uzun vadeli karşılıklı bağımlılığın temelini oluşturduğunu; petrol ticaretinde Renminbi kullanımına yönelik kademeli yönelimin ise çoklu para birimiyle riskten korunma stratejisini yansıttığını, ancak doların likidite üstünlüğü nedeniyle sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, 2023 Suudi Arabistan–İran yakınlaşmasında Çin faktörü, Çin’in tarafsız güvenlik aktörü olarak konumlanma kapasitesini ortaya koymakta ve bu durum Suudi Arabistan’ın Vizyon 2030 hedefleri ile BRICS çerçevesiyle uyumlu görünmektedir. Bununla birlikte, ABD güvenlik garantilerine bağımlılık ve bölgesel güvensizlik gibi yapısal kısıtlar varlığını sürdürmektedir. Çalışma, orta ölçekli güçlerin ve yükselen ekonomilerin hibrit ekonomik-diplomatik sistemler yoluyla alternatif yönetişim biçimlerinin eş-üreticileri olduğunu ortaya koyarak literatüre katkı sunmaktadır. Bu yönüyle, enerji-finans karşılıklı bağımlılığı ile altyapı diplomasisinin 21. yüzyılda devlet aklını yeniden tanımlamadaki etkileşimini ele almakta ve dijital para birimleri ile bölgesel aktarılabilirlik üzerine gelecekteki araştırmalar için çıkarımlar üretmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Suudi-Çin enerji ortaklığı enerji-finans karşılıklı bağımlılığı altyapı diplomasisi Renminbi ile petrol ticareti jeopolitik dönüşüm
Kaynakça
- Abb, P. (2025). Is there a Chinese “developmental peace”? Evidence from the Belt and Road Initiative’s impact on conflict states. Journal of Contemporary China, 34(155), 861-879.
- Agbede, O. O., Akhigbe, E. E., Ajayi, A. J., & Egbuhuzor, N. S. (2024). Financial modeling for global energy market impacts of geopolitical events and economic regulations. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(2), 272-296.
- Al-Dosary, A. S., & Rahman, S. M. (2005). Saudization (localization)–a critical review. Human Resource Development International, 8(4), 495-502.
- Al-Sulayman, F., & Alterman, J. B. (2023). China's Essential Role in the Gulf States' Energy Transitions. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- Ballis, A. (2025). Geopolitical Tensions and Financial Networks: Strategic Shifts Toward Alternatives. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.21480. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.21480.
- Baumann, H. (2025). Monetary statecraft in the service of counter-revolution: Gulf monarchies’ deposits to Arab states’ central banks 1998–2022. Review of International Political Economy, 32(4), 1122-1144.
- Chahrour, R., & Valchev, R. (2022). Trade Finance and the Durability of the Dollar. The Review of Economic Studies, 89(4), 1873-1910.
- Chan, S., & Drury, A. (Eds.). (2000). Sanctions as economic statecraft: Theory and practice. Springer.
- Chen, J., Shu, M., & Wen, S. (2018). Aligning China’s belt and road initiative with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision: Opportunities and challenges. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(03), 363-379.
- Dahdal, A. M., & Ghafar, A. A. (2025). The Digital Silk Road:“Tech-Diplomacy” as a Paradigm for Understanding Technological Adoption and Emerging Digital Regulations in MENA. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1-26.
- Fulton, J. (2018). China's relations with the Gulf monarchies. Routledge.
- Gater-Smith, P. (2017). Complex interdependence in the China–Saudi–US triangle?: Assessing shifts in the issue area linkages between energy trade and security ties. In China's Presence in the Middle East (pp. 88-119). Routledge.
- Ghiselli, A., & Ehteshami, A. (2024). The Persian Gulf's Transition From American Unipolarity. Middle East Policy, 31(1), 19-32.
- Gong, X. L., Feng, Y. K., Liu, J. M., & Xiong, X. (2023). Study on international energy market and geopolitical risk contagion based on complex network. Resources Policy, 82, 103495.
- Habibi, N. (2020). The Persian Gulf and China: The Growth and Limits of Economic Ties. Middle East Briefs, 34201.
- Hajeeh, M. A. (2023). Assessment of technology transfer to Gulf cooperation council countries. International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, 13(4), 152-173.
- Holbraad, C. (1971). The role of middle powers. Cooperation and Conflict, 6(1), 77-90.
- Ibekwe, K. I., Etukudoh, E. A., Nwokediegwu, Z. Q. S., Umoh, A. A., Adefemi, A., & Ilojianya, V. I. (2024). Energy security in the global context: A comprehensive review of geopolitical dynamics and policies. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(1), 152-168.
- Kakabayev, M., Babayev, Y., Esengulyyev, E., & Jummanov, U. (2024). Economic Diversification Strategies For Oil Dependent Economies. Символ науки, (11-2-1), 9-11.
- Mashatt, M. (2008). Conflict-sensitive approach to infrastructure development (Vol. 197). United States Institute of Peace.
- Mathews, J. A., & Selden, M. (2018). China: The emergence of the Petroyuan and the challenge to US dollar hegemony. Asia-Pacific Journal, 16(22), e4.
- Mileva, E., & Siegfried, N. (2012). Oil market structure, network effects and the choice of currency for oil invoicing. Energy Policy, 44, 385-394.
- Milner, H. (1993). American debt and world power. International Journal, 48(3), 527-560.
- Mo, C. (2014). The transnationalization strategy of chinese oil companies: Case studies of sudan and saudi arabia. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 13(5-6), 613-625.
- Monk, A. H. (2011). Sovereignty in the era of global capitalism: the rise of sovereign wealth funds and the power of finance. Environment and Planning A, 43(8), 1813-1832.
- Papageorgiou, M. M. (2023). China’s growing presence in the Middle East’s arms race and security dynamics. In The arms race in the Middle East: Contemporary security dynamics (pp. 257-272). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Qian, X. (2016). The New Silk Road in West Asia under “the Belt and Road” Initiative. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 10(1), 26-55.
- Qin, Q., & Razali, S. Z. (2025). Strategic Hedging in a Multipolar World: Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy Transformation Under “Vision 2030”. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 11(3), 72-89.
- Sun, D., Xu, H., & Tu, Y. (2022). In with the New: China's Nuclear‐Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East. Middle East Policy, 29(1), 41-60.
- Sun, D., & Zoubir, Y. (2018). China’s participation in conflict resolution in the Middle East and North Africa: a case of quasi-mediation diplomacy? Journal of Contemporary China, 27(110), 224-243.
- Tordo, S., & Anouti, Y. (2013). Local content policies in the oil and gas sector: Case studies. World Bank Publications.
- Ullah, A., & Xinlei, L. (2025). Energy Interdependence and Economic Statecraft: A Critical Analysis of the Sino–Saudi Oil Partnership. China Report, 61(4), 456-486.
- Wang, X., Al‐Dhafeeire, S. K., & Sun, D. (2025). Saudi Arabia's US‐China Hedging Strategy and Its Regional Impact. Middle East Policy.
- Yarhi-Milo, K., Lanoszka, A., & Cooper, Z. (2016). To arm or to ally? The patron's dilemma and the strategic logic of arms transfers and alliances. International Security, 41(2), 90-139.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası Finans |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Ocak 2026 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Şubat 2026 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 13 Şubat 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1865426 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA58LD82JD |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 |
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Ücret Politikası
Ücretsiz
Dizinler
Atıf Dizinleri
Diğer Dizinler
Dergi Kurulları
Editors in Chief
Editors
Editorial Boards
Prof. Dr. NACİ TOLGA SARUÇ
Kişisel Bilgiler
E-posta: naci.saruc@istanbul.edu.tr
Web: https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/naci.saruc
Posta Adresi: İstanbul Üniversitesi Merkez Kampüsü 34452 Beyazıt/Fatih-İstanbul Tel: 0 (212) 440 00 00
Uluslararası Araştırmacı ID'leri
ScholarID: D7nVXw4AAAAJ
ORCID: 0000-0003-0716-3040
Publons / Web Of Science ResearcherID: AAA-7387-2020
Yoksis Araştırmacı ID: 118804
Eğitim Bilgileri
Doktora, University of Leicester, Social Sciences, Economics, Birleşik Krallık 1995 - 2001
Yüksek Lisans, University of Leicester, The Faculty Of Social Sciences, Economics, Birleşik Krallık 1994 - 1995
Lisans, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Maliye Bölümü, Türkiye 1987 - 1992
Yabancı Diller
İngilizce, C1 İleri
Yaptığı Tezler
Doktora, The determinants of tax evasion: Experiments with Turkish subjects , University Of Leicester, Social Sciences, Economics, 2001
Yüksek Lisans, Privatisation of Water Industry in England and Wales, University of Leicester, Social Science Faculty, Economics, 1995
Junus Ganiev, yüksek lisans ve doktora derecelerini Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi İktisat Bölümü'nden almıştır. Yüksek lisans tezini enflasyon dinamikleri, doktora tezini ise yolsuzluk üzerine yapmıştır. Para politikası, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkiler, ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma konularında araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Birçok ülkede uluslararası konferanslara katılmıştır. Makaleleri, kitap bölümleri, kitapları, konferans bildirileri bulunmaktadır. Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İktisat Bölümü'nde tam zamanlı Doçent olarak görev yapmaktadır. ORCID: 0000-0001-8859-5464 (Djal, Campus of Chyngyz Aitmatov, Bishkek, 720038, Kyrgyzstan, +996772 331193, junus.ganiev@manas.edu.kg)
Prof.Dr.Ahmet AK
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İİBF Maliye Bölümü Öğretim üyesi Ankara Maliye Okulu ve Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF / İşletme Bölümünden mezun oldu. Anadolu Ü. SBE / Mali Hukuk Yüksek Lisans ve Mali Hukuk Doktora programlarını tamamladı.
Yüksek Lisans tez konusu; “GVK Açısından Vergi İdaresi ile Vergi Yargısı Arasındaki Yorum Farklılıkları ve Vergi Yargısı Kararlarının Vergi İdaresi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Doktora tez konusu ise; “Vergi Yasalarının Hazırlanması, Yasama Süreci ve Türkiye Uygulaması” dır.
Meslek hayatına vergi memuru olarak başlayan AK, 14 yıl Vergi Müfettişi ve 4 yıl da Gelir İdaresi Grup Müdürü olarak görev yaptı. Akademik hayatına 2009 yılında Yard. Doç. olarak başlayan AK, 2010 yılında Doçent, 2012-2013 ABD Kansas Üniversitesinde Doç. misafir öğretim üyesi, 2015 yılında Prof. Dr. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, 2017 yılında Prof. Dr. Gazi Üniversitesi ve 2018 yılında ve halen Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesinde Prof. Dr. Olarak görev yapmaktadır. Kurucu Maliye Bölüm Başkanlığı, Mali Hukuk Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanlığı, Üniversite ve Fakülte Kurulları üyeliği gibi görevlerde de bulundu. Akademik düzeyde Fransızca ve İngilizce bilmektedir.
Birçok ulusal ve uluslararası projede yürütücü, danışman ve eğitim görevlisi olarak yer aldı. Akademik alanda çok sayıda makale, kitap ve bilimsel çalışmaları yayınlanmıştır. Vergi Yargılama Hukuku (Vergi Davaları) Vergi Uyuşmazlıkları ve İdari Çözüm Yolları, Vergi Hukukunda İştirakler, Vergi Hukuku, Vergi Ceza Hukukunda Suç ve Kabahatler başlıklı kitapları ile alanında bir çok ulusal ve uluslararası kitaplarda bölüm yazarlığı bulunmaktadır. Gazi, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali ve Dumlupınar Üniversitesinde Lisans ve Lisans üstü düzeyde dersler vermiştir. Tevhidi Düşünce Açısından Vergi Felsefesi konusunda da çalışmalar yapmaktadır.
Vergi Yasalarının Hazırlanması, Mükellef Hakları, Türk vergi Sistemi, Vergi Yargılama Hukuku ve İçtihat Analizi, Vergi Sosyolojisi, Vergi Hukuku, Vergi Ceza Hukuku, Vergi İcra Hukuku ve Uluslararası Vergilendirme konuları genel uzmanlık alanlarıdır.
Merkezi Kaliforniya’da bulunan ΦΒΔ Honor Society For International Scholars tarafından “Uluslararası Bilim Adamı Onur Madalyası” ve Topluluk üyeliğine (2013) layık görüldü.
2013/Haziran ve 2014/Haziran dönemlerinde Polonya Czestochowa University of Technology’de misafir Öğretim Üyesi olarak görev yaptı. (Halen Bilim Kurulu Üyesi / https://pea-journal.eu/scientific-committee.html )
2015 Hindistan’da (Devi Ahilya Üniversititesi) düzenlenen “Invitation for International Conference of Patel Group of Institutions (ITESM – 2015)” başlıklı uluslararası konferansa Türkiye’yi temsilen katıldı “Evaluation of the Effects of Globalization on the Taxes for Income from International Financial Investment in Turkey in Terms of the OECD Model (Taxation on Dividends)” konulu çalışmasıyla 123 çalışma arasında Uluslararası En İyi Araştırma “International the Best Paper” ödülüne layık görüldü.
“The Possible Effects of Personal Income Tax and Value Added Tax on Consumer Behaviors” başlıklı makalesi Harvard Üniversity ve Cornell University tarafından yayınlanmıştır. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019arXiv191003141A/abstract ;
https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03141?fbclid=IwAR0ICFVYA6h3r2iaZsaxZdjkqFFkz0HoDwbDil5VvN6ITDE0VnSm44B1fbo
Segull Publications: Director in Board of Development ve International Journal of Tax Economics and Management IJTEM, Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı ve Baş Editörü
Tevhidi Düşünce Derneği Yönetim Kurulu Başkan Yardımcısı ve İLMAR (İlmi ve Metodolojik Araştırmalar Derneği) Yönetim Kurulu üyesi.
BILTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) altında çalışmaktadır.