Financial Stress and the Trade Balance in Turkey: Empirical Evidence from Credit and Real Exchange Rate Channels
Öz
In this study, the effects of fluctuations and crises in financial markets on the trade balance were analyzed using monthly data from the period 2000–2025. In the model established, the trade balance was treated as the dependent variable, while the Financial Pressure (Stress) Index was used as the primary independent variable to represent stress and fragility in financial markets. In order to explain the mechanisms through which financial stress affects the trade balance, domestic credit and the real effective exchange rate index were included in the model as transmission channels. Empirical findings reveal the existence of a stable equilibrium relationship between the variables in the long term, according to the Maki cointegration test, which allows for multiple structural breaks. The cointegration coefficients obtained show that global uncertainties and financial crises negatively affect the trade balance under structural breaks and cause fluctuations in trade performance. However, the VAR-based impulse-response functions indicate that the impact of external shocks on financial stress and other variables dissipates in the short term, within approximately 2–3 months. On the other hand, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) results estimated based on the VAR model show that financial stress, domestic credit, and exchange rate channels have significant long-term effects on the trade balance. These findings reveal that the trade balance is sensitive not only to short-term shocks but also to the overall health and stability of the financial system. In this context, it is concluded that multidimensional and comprehensive policy measures are needed to limit the negative effects of global financial uncertainty and crises on foreign trade, which strengthen financial stability, direct the credit mechanism in favor of production and exports, and aim to reduce exchange rate volatility.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Financial Stress Trade Balance Credit Channel Real Effective Exchange Rate Time Series Econometrics
Kaynakça
- Ahir, H., Dell’Ariccia, G., Furceri, D., Papageorgiou, C. & Qi, H. (2023). Financial Stress and Economic Activity: Evidence from a New Worldwide Index. IMF Working Papaer, No: WP/23/217.
- Aklan, N. A., Çınar, M. ve Akay, H. K. (2015). Financial Stress and Economic Activity Relationship in Turkey: Post-2002 Period. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 22 (2), 567-580.
- Armah, M., Bossman, A., & Amewu, G. (2023). Information flow between global financial market stress and African equity markets: An EEMD-based transfer entropy analysis. Heliyon, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13899
- Aruoba, S. B., Diebold, F. X. & Scotti, C. (2009). Real-Time Measurement of Business Conditions. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 27, 417–427.
- Bai, J., Perron, P. (1998). Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes. Econometrica, 66, 47–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2998540.
- Bakkal, H. (2021). Türkiye’de Gibson Paradoksunun Geçerliliği: Maki Eşbütünleşme Testi. Journal Of Emerging Economıes And Policy, 2021, 6(2) 226-235.
- Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdag, S., & Tytell, I. (2011). The Transmission of Financial StressgFrom Advanced To Emerging Economies. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 47(sup2), 40-68.
- Baron, M., Emil, V. & Wei, X. (2021). Banking Crisis Without Panics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136 (1), 51-113.
- Bekhet, H. & Yusop, N. (2009). Assessing the relationship between oil prices, energy consumption and macroeconomic performance in Malaysia: co-integration and vector error correction model approach. International Business Research, 2 (3), 152-175. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v2n3p152.
- Björnland, H. C. (2000). VAR models in macroeconomic research. Statistics Norway Research Department, 2000/14, Retrieved May 05, 2023, https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/5564828/hc-bjrnland-var-models-in-macroeconomic-research.
- Blix, M. (2010). Detecting and Interpreting Financial Stress in the Euro Area. ECB Working Paper, No: 1214, June 2010.
- Breitung, J., & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for short- and long-run causality: a frequency domain approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.004.
- Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Kim, D., & Perron, P. (2009). Gls-based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25 (2009), 1754–1792. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466609990326.
- Çamlıca, F. & Güneş, D. (2016). Türkiye'de Finansal Stresin Ölçülmesi: Yöntemsel Bir Karşılaştırma. T. C. Merkez Bankası Ekonomi Notları, Sayı: 2016-06 / 03 Mart 2016.
- Çevik, İ., S. Dibooğlu ve T. Kenç (2013). Measuring Financial Stress in Turkey, Journal of Policy Modeling, Sayı 35(2), 370–383.
- Çınar, G. & Hushmat, A. (2021). The Analysis of Wheat Prices Using Multiple Structural Break-Point Cointegration Test. Panoeconomicus, 2021, 68 (3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN150428004C.
- Dan, Z. & Li, B. (2022). What can we learn from financial stress indicator? Finance Research Letters 50 (2022) 103293.
- Das, D., Kumar, S. B., Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M., & Hasim, H. M. (2018). On the Relationship of Gold, Crude Oil, Stocks with Financial Stress: A Causality-İn-Quantiles Approach. Finance Research Letters, 27, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.02.030.
- Das, D., Kannadhasan, M., & Bhattacharyya, M. (2019). Do the Emerging Stock Markets React to İnternational Economic Policy Uncertainty, Geopolitical Risk, and Financial Stress Alike? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.01.008.
- Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517.
- Ekinci, A. (2013). Türkiye Finansal Stres Endeksi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14 (2) 2013, 213-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/375/1/022001.
- Elekdağ, S., Kanlı, İ., B., Samancıoğlu, Z., Sarıkaya, Ç. (2010). Finansal Stres Ve İktisadi Faaliyet. Central Bank Review. 10, pp.1-8.
- Elliott, G., Rottenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64 (4), 813-836. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171846.
- Engle, R.R., & Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251–276. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1913236.
- Franck, R., Schmıed, A. (2004). Predicting Currency Crisis Contagion from East Asia to Russia and Brazil: An Artificial Neural Network Approach” AMCB Working Paper No. 2. Bar‐Ilan University.
- Freixas, X., Laeven, L., & Peydr´o, J.-L. (2015). Systemic Risk, Crises, and Macroprudential Regulation. MIT Press. Fu, Z., Chen, Z., Sharif, A., & Razi, U. (2022). The role of financial stress, oil, gold, and natural gas prices on clean energy stocks: global evidence from extreme quantile approach. Resources Policy, 78, 102860. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102860.
- Gerni, C., Emsen, Ö. S., & Değer, M. K. (2005). Erken Uyarı Sistemleri Yoluyla Türkiye’deki Ekonomik Krizlerin Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, (2), 39-62.
- Gregory, A.W., & Hansen, B.E. (1996a). Residual-based tests for cointegration ın models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70, 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(69)41685-7.
- Görüş, M. & Aydın, M. (2019). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emission in mena countries: causality analysis ın the frequency domain. Energy, 168 (2019), 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.139.
- Groen, J. J. J., Nattinger, M. B. & Noble, A. I. (2022). Measuring Global Financial Market Stresses. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff, Reports No. 940.
- Gupta, R., Hammoudeh, S., Modise, M. P., & Nguyen, D. K. (2014). Can Economic Uncertainty, Financial Stress, And Consumer Sentiments Predict US Equity Premium? Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 33, 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2014.09.004.
- Günay, S., Öner, M., & Aybars, A. (2023). Return spillovers between emerging markets’ financial stress and equity markets of BRIC-T countries. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 45(1), 108- 121. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1317202.
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- Hosoya, Y. (1991). The decomposition and measurement of the interdependency between second order stationary processes. Probability Theory and Related Fields, 88(4), 429–444.
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Türkiye'de Finansal Stres ve Ticaret Dengesi: Kredi ve Reel Döviz Kuru Kanallarından Elde Edilen Ampirik Kanıtlar
Öz
Bu çalışmada, finansal piyasalardaki dalgalanmalar ve krizlerin dış ticaret dengesi üzerindeki etkileri, 2000–2025 dönemi aylık verileriyle analiz edilmiştir. Modelde dış ticaret dengesi bağımlı değişken, finansal piyasalardaki stres ve kırılganlıkları temsilen Finansal Baskı (Stres) Endeksi temel bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Finansal baskının dış ticaret dengesi üzerindeki etkilerini açıklayabilmek amacıyla, yurt içi krediler ve reel efektif döviz kuru endeksi modele aktarım kanalları olarak dâhil edilmiştir. Ampirik bulgular, çoklu yapısal kırılmalara izin veren “Maki” eşbütünleşme testine göre değişkenler arasında uzun dönemde istikrarlı bir denge ilişkisi vardır. Eşbütünleşme katsayıları, küresel belirsizlikler ve finansal krizlerin yapısal kırılmalar altında dış dengeyi olumsuz etkilediğini ve performansında dalgalanmalara yol açtığını göstermektedir. VAR modeline dayalı etki–tepki fonksiyonları, değişkenlerde meydana gelen dışsal şokların etkisinin kısa vadede, yaklaşık 2–3 aylık bir süre içerisinde sönümlendiğine işaret etmektedir. Öte yandan, VAR modeli temelinde tahmin edilen Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) sonuçları, finansal baskı, yurt içi krediler ve döviz kuru kanallarının dış ticaret dengesi üzerinde uzun dönemde anlamlı etkiler yarattığını göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, dış ticaret dengesinin yalnızca kısa vadeli şoklara değil, finansal sistemin genel sağlığına ve istikrarına duyarlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çerçevede, küresel finansal belirsizliklerin ve krizlerin dış ticaret üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini sınırlayabilmek için finansal istikrarı güçlendiren, kredi mekanizmasını üretim ve ihracat lehine yönlendiren ve döviz kuru oynaklığını azaltmayı hedefleyen çok boyutlu ve kapsayıcı politika tedbirlerine ihtiyaç duyulduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Finansal Stres Dış Ticaret Dengesi Yurt İçi Krediler Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru Zaman Serisi Ekonometrisi
Kaynakça
- Ahir, H., Dell’Ariccia, G., Furceri, D., Papageorgiou, C. & Qi, H. (2023). Financial Stress and Economic Activity: Evidence from a New Worldwide Index. IMF Working Papaer, No: WP/23/217.
- Aklan, N. A., Çınar, M. ve Akay, H. K. (2015). Financial Stress and Economic Activity Relationship in Turkey: Post-2002 Period. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 22 (2), 567-580.
- Armah, M., Bossman, A., & Amewu, G. (2023). Information flow between global financial market stress and African equity markets: An EEMD-based transfer entropy analysis. Heliyon, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13899
- Aruoba, S. B., Diebold, F. X. & Scotti, C. (2009). Real-Time Measurement of Business Conditions. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 27, 417–427.
- Bai, J., Perron, P. (1998). Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes. Econometrica, 66, 47–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2998540.
- Bakkal, H. (2021). Türkiye’de Gibson Paradoksunun Geçerliliği: Maki Eşbütünleşme Testi. Journal Of Emerging Economıes And Policy, 2021, 6(2) 226-235.
- Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdag, S., & Tytell, I. (2011). The Transmission of Financial StressgFrom Advanced To Emerging Economies. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 47(sup2), 40-68.
- Baron, M., Emil, V. & Wei, X. (2021). Banking Crisis Without Panics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136 (1), 51-113.
- Bekhet, H. & Yusop, N. (2009). Assessing the relationship between oil prices, energy consumption and macroeconomic performance in Malaysia: co-integration and vector error correction model approach. International Business Research, 2 (3), 152-175. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v2n3p152.
- Björnland, H. C. (2000). VAR models in macroeconomic research. Statistics Norway Research Department, 2000/14, Retrieved May 05, 2023, https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/5564828/hc-bjrnland-var-models-in-macroeconomic-research.
- Blix, M. (2010). Detecting and Interpreting Financial Stress in the Euro Area. ECB Working Paper, No: 1214, June 2010.
- Breitung, J., & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for short- and long-run causality: a frequency domain approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.004.
- Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Kim, D., & Perron, P. (2009). Gls-based unit root tests with multiple structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25 (2009), 1754–1792. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466609990326.
- Çamlıca, F. & Güneş, D. (2016). Türkiye'de Finansal Stresin Ölçülmesi: Yöntemsel Bir Karşılaştırma. T. C. Merkez Bankası Ekonomi Notları, Sayı: 2016-06 / 03 Mart 2016.
- Çevik, İ., S. Dibooğlu ve T. Kenç (2013). Measuring Financial Stress in Turkey, Journal of Policy Modeling, Sayı 35(2), 370–383.
- Çınar, G. & Hushmat, A. (2021). The Analysis of Wheat Prices Using Multiple Structural Break-Point Cointegration Test. Panoeconomicus, 2021, 68 (3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN150428004C.
- Dan, Z. & Li, B. (2022). What can we learn from financial stress indicator? Finance Research Letters 50 (2022) 103293.
- Das, D., Kumar, S. B., Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M., & Hasim, H. M. (2018). On the Relationship of Gold, Crude Oil, Stocks with Financial Stress: A Causality-İn-Quantiles Approach. Finance Research Letters, 27, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.02.030.
- Das, D., Kannadhasan, M., & Bhattacharyya, M. (2019). Do the Emerging Stock Markets React to İnternational Economic Policy Uncertainty, Geopolitical Risk, and Financial Stress Alike? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.01.008.
- Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517.
- Ekinci, A. (2013). Türkiye Finansal Stres Endeksi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14 (2) 2013, 213-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/375/1/022001.
- Elekdağ, S., Kanlı, İ., B., Samancıoğlu, Z., Sarıkaya, Ç. (2010). Finansal Stres Ve İktisadi Faaliyet. Central Bank Review. 10, pp.1-8.
- Elliott, G., Rottenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64 (4), 813-836. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171846.
- Engle, R.R., & Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251–276. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1913236.
- Franck, R., Schmıed, A. (2004). Predicting Currency Crisis Contagion from East Asia to Russia and Brazil: An Artificial Neural Network Approach” AMCB Working Paper No. 2. Bar‐Ilan University.
- Freixas, X., Laeven, L., & Peydr´o, J.-L. (2015). Systemic Risk, Crises, and Macroprudential Regulation. MIT Press. Fu, Z., Chen, Z., Sharif, A., & Razi, U. (2022). The role of financial stress, oil, gold, and natural gas prices on clean energy stocks: global evidence from extreme quantile approach. Resources Policy, 78, 102860. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102860.
- Gerni, C., Emsen, Ö. S., & Değer, M. K. (2005). Erken Uyarı Sistemleri Yoluyla Türkiye’deki Ekonomik Krizlerin Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, (2), 39-62.
- Gregory, A.W., & Hansen, B.E. (1996a). Residual-based tests for cointegration ın models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70, 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(69)41685-7.
- Görüş, M. & Aydın, M. (2019). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emission in mena countries: causality analysis ın the frequency domain. Energy, 168 (2019), 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.139.
- Groen, J. J. J., Nattinger, M. B. & Noble, A. I. (2022). Measuring Global Financial Market Stresses. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff, Reports No. 940.
- Gupta, R., Hammoudeh, S., Modise, M. P., & Nguyen, D. K. (2014). Can Economic Uncertainty, Financial Stress, And Consumer Sentiments Predict US Equity Premium? Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 33, 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2014.09.004.
- Günay, S., Öner, M., & Aybars, A. (2023). Return spillovers between emerging markets’ financial stress and equity markets of BRIC-T countries. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 45(1), 108- 121. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1317202.
- Hakkio, C.S. & Keeton, W.R. (2009). Financial Stress: What Is It, How Can It Be Measured, And Why Does It Matter?. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review.
- Hatemi, J. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration. Empirical Economics, (2008) 35, 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0175-9.
- Hatzius, J., Hooper, P., Mishkin, F.S., Schoenholtz K.L., Watson, M.W. (2010). Financial Conditions Indexes: A Fresh Look After The Financial Crisis. NBER Working Paper. 16150.
- Hayakawa, K. & Kurozumi, E. (2006). The role of “leads” in the dynamic ols estimation of cointegrating regression models. Hermes IR Discussion Paper, 194, December 2006. http://hi-stat.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/.
- Hosoya, Y. (1991). The decomposition and measurement of the interdependency between second order stationary processes. Probability Theory and Related Fields, 88(4), 429–444.
- Hurwicz, L. (1962). On the structural form of ınterdependent systems in logic, methodology and philosophy of science, 232–239. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
- Illing, M. & Liu, Y. (2006). Measuring financial stress in a developed country: An application to Canada. Journal of Financail Stability, 2:243–265.
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Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Yatay Kesit Analizi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 14 Şubat 2026 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Mart 2026 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Mart 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1889529 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA82RS78YD |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 |
Amaç ve Kapsam
BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies is a peer-reviewed international journal that analyzes problems in all areas of the economy and related fields of economy. The Journal focuses on the publication of both theoretical and empirical publications in the field of economics and the related studies.
BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies includes but is not limited to the following subjects. the following subjects.
Financial Economics, International Economics, Microeconomics, Welfare Economics, Economics of Education, Economic History, Economics of Law, Defense Economics, Industrial Organization, International Trade, Labor Economics, Money, Banking, Public Finance, Political Economy, Islamic Economics, Tourism Economics
Yazım Kuralları
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Etik İlkeler ve Yayın Politikası
Publication Ethics: The publication process at BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies is the basis of the improvement and dissemination of information objectively and respectfully. Therefore, the procedures in this process improve the quality of the studies. Peer-reviewed studies are the ones that support and materialize the scientific method. At this point, it is of utmost importance that all parties included in the publication process (authors, readers and researchers, publisher, reviewers and editors) comply with the standards of ethical considerations. BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies expects all parties to hold the following ethical responsibilities. iThenticate, Turnitin or intihal.net can bu used for professional plagiarism detection and prevention.
The following ethical duties and responsibilities are written in the light of the guide and policies made by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).Ethical Responsibilities of Authors: The authors who submit their manuscripts to BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies are expected to comply with the following ethical responsibilities:
Author(s) must submit original studies to the journal. If they utilize or use other studies, they must make the in-text and end-text references accurately and completely.
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cess of their manuscripts, author(s) may be asked to supply raw data. In such a case, author(s) should be ready to submit such data and information to the editorial board.
Author(s) should document that they have the participants' consent and the necessary permissions related with the sharing and research/analysis of the data that are used.
Author(s) bears the responsibility to inform the editor of the journal or publisher if they happen to notice a mistake in their study which is in early release or publication process and to cooperate with the editors during the correction or withdrawal process.
Authors cannot submit their studies to multiple journals simultaneously. Each submission can be made only after the previous one is completed.
Author responsibilities given in a study (e.g., adding an author, reordering of author names) cannot be changed if the review process has begun.
Ethical Responsibilities of Editors: The editors of BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies should hold the following ethical responsibilities that are based on the guides "COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" and "COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" published as open Access by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
General duties and responsibilities: Editors are responsible for each study published in BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies.
The editors' responsibilities:
Making efforts to meet the demand for knowledge from readers and authors,
Ensuring the continuous development of the journal,
Managing the procedures aimed to improve the quality of the studies published in the journal,
Supporting intellectual freedom and Ensuring academic integrity,
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select the new members of the editorial board from those who can contribute to the journal and are qualified enough.
send manuscripts for review based on the subject of expertise of the editorial board members.
regularly communicate with the editorial board.
arrange regular meetings with the editorial board for the development of publication policies and the journal.
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Ensuring Academic Integrity
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Political and Economic Apprehensions
Neither the owner of the journal, publisher or any other political or economical factor can influence the independent decision taking of the editors.
Conflicting Interests
Editors, acknowledging that there may be conflicting interests between reviewers and other editors, guarantee that the publication process of the manuscripts will be completed in an independent and unbiased manner.
Ethical Responsibilities of Reviewers
The fact that all manuscripts are reviewed through “Blind Review” has a direct influence on the publication quality. This process ensures confidentiality by objective and independent review. The review process at BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies is carried out on the principle of double blind review. Reviewers do not contact the authors directly, and the reviews and comments are conveyed through the journal management system. In this process, the reviewer comments on the evaluation forms and full texts are assigned to the author(s) by the editor. In this context, the reviewers doing review work for BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies are supposed to bear the following ethical responsibilities:
Reviewers must
agree to review only in their subject of expertise.
review in an unbiased and confidential manner.
inform the editor of the journal if they think that they encounter conflict of interests and decline to review the manuscript during the review process.
dispose the manuscripts they have reviewed in accordance with the principle of confidentiality after the review process. Reviewers can use the final versions of the manuscripts they have reviewed only after publication.
review the manuscript objectively and only in terms of its content and ensure that nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, and economic apprehension do not influence the review.
review the manuscript in a constructive and kind tone, avoid making personal comments including hostility, slander and insult.
review the manuscript they have agreed to review on time and in accordance with the ethical rules stated above.
Ethical Responsibilities of Publisher: the publisher of BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies , is a non-profit foundation. Therefore, the Board of BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies is conscious of the fact that they must observe the ethical responsibilities below and act accordingly:
Editors are responsible for all the processes that the manuscripts submitted to BİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies will go through. Within this framework, ignoring the economic or political interests, the decision-makers are the editors.
The publisher undertakes to have an independent editorial decision made.
The publisher bears all the responsibility to take the precautions against scientific abuse, fraud and plagiarism.
Unethical Behavior
Should you encounter any unethical act or content inBİLTÜRK, The Journal of Economics and Related Studies apart from the ethical responsibilities listed above, please notify the journal by e-mail at bilturkdergi@gmail.com
BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies is an Open Access journal and provides immediate open access to its contents. The Journal aims to promote the development of global Open Access to scientific information and research.
BILTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) altında çalışmaktadır. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ücret Politikası
Ücretsiz
Dizinler
Atıf Dizinleri
Diğer Dizinler
Dergi Kurulları
Editors in Chief
Editors
Editorial Boards
Prof. Dr. NACİ TOLGA SARUÇ
Kişisel Bilgiler
E-posta: naci.saruc@istanbul.edu.tr
Web: https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/naci.saruc
Posta Adresi: İstanbul Üniversitesi Merkez Kampüsü 34452 Beyazıt/Fatih-İstanbul Tel: 0 (212) 440 00 00
Uluslararası Araştırmacı ID'leri
ScholarID: D7nVXw4AAAAJ
ORCID: 0000-0003-0716-3040
Publons / Web Of Science ResearcherID: AAA-7387-2020
Yoksis Araştırmacı ID: 118804
Eğitim Bilgileri
Doktora, University of Leicester, Social Sciences, Economics, Birleşik Krallık 1995 - 2001
Yüksek Lisans, University of Leicester, The Faculty Of Social Sciences, Economics, Birleşik Krallık 1994 - 1995
Lisans, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Maliye Bölümü, Türkiye 1987 - 1992
Yabancı Diller
İngilizce, C1 İleri
Yaptığı Tezler
Doktora, The determinants of tax evasion: Experiments with Turkish subjects , University Of Leicester, Social Sciences, Economics, 2001
Yüksek Lisans, Privatisation of Water Industry in England and Wales, University of Leicester, Social Science Faculty, Economics, 1995
Junus Ganiev, yüksek lisans ve doktora derecelerini Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi İktisat Bölümü'nden almıştır. Yüksek lisans tezini enflasyon dinamikleri, doktora tezini ise yolsuzluk üzerine yapmıştır. Para politikası, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkiler, ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma konularında araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Birçok ülkede uluslararası konferanslara katılmıştır. Makaleleri, kitap bölümleri, kitapları, konferans bildirileri bulunmaktadır. Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İktisat Bölümü'nde tam zamanlı Doçent olarak görev yapmaktadır. ORCID: 0000-0001-8859-5464 (Djal, Campus of Chyngyz Aitmatov, Bishkek, 720038, Kyrgyzstan, +996772 331193, junus.ganiev@manas.edu.kg)
Prof.Dr.Ahmet AK
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İİBF Maliye Bölümü Öğretim üyesi Ankara Maliye Okulu ve Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF / İşletme Bölümünden mezun oldu. Anadolu Ü. SBE / Mali Hukuk Yüksek Lisans ve Mali Hukuk Doktora programlarını tamamladı.
Yüksek Lisans tez konusu; “GVK Açısından Vergi İdaresi ile Vergi Yargısı Arasındaki Yorum Farklılıkları ve Vergi Yargısı Kararlarının Vergi İdaresi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Doktora tez konusu ise; “Vergi Yasalarının Hazırlanması, Yasama Süreci ve Türkiye Uygulaması” dır.
Meslek hayatına vergi memuru olarak başlayan AK, 14 yıl Vergi Müfettişi ve 4 yıl da Gelir İdaresi Grup Müdürü olarak görev yaptı. Akademik hayatına 2009 yılında Yard. Doç. olarak başlayan AK, 2010 yılında Doçent, 2012-2013 ABD Kansas Üniversitesinde Doç. misafir öğretim üyesi, 2015 yılında Prof. Dr. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, 2017 yılında Prof. Dr. Gazi Üniversitesi ve 2018 yılında ve halen Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesinde Prof. Dr. Olarak görev yapmaktadır. Kurucu Maliye Bölüm Başkanlığı, Mali Hukuk Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanlığı, Üniversite ve Fakülte Kurulları üyeliği gibi görevlerde de bulundu. Akademik düzeyde Fransızca ve İngilizce bilmektedir.
Birçok ulusal ve uluslararası projede yürütücü, danışman ve eğitim görevlisi olarak yer aldı. Akademik alanda çok sayıda makale, kitap ve bilimsel çalışmaları yayınlanmıştır. Vergi Yargılama Hukuku (Vergi Davaları) Vergi Uyuşmazlıkları ve İdari Çözüm Yolları, Vergi Hukukunda İştirakler, Vergi Hukuku, Vergi Ceza Hukukunda Suç ve Kabahatler başlıklı kitapları ile alanında bir çok ulusal ve uluslararası kitaplarda bölüm yazarlığı bulunmaktadır. Gazi, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali ve Dumlupınar Üniversitesinde Lisans ve Lisans üstü düzeyde dersler vermiştir. Tevhidi Düşünce Açısından Vergi Felsefesi konusunda da çalışmalar yapmaktadır.
Vergi Yasalarının Hazırlanması, Mükellef Hakları, Türk vergi Sistemi, Vergi Yargılama Hukuku ve İçtihat Analizi, Vergi Sosyolojisi, Vergi Hukuku, Vergi Ceza Hukuku, Vergi İcra Hukuku ve Uluslararası Vergilendirme konuları genel uzmanlık alanlarıdır.
Merkezi Kaliforniya’da bulunan ΦΒΔ Honor Society For International Scholars tarafından “Uluslararası Bilim Adamı Onur Madalyası” ve Topluluk üyeliğine (2013) layık görüldü.
2013/Haziran ve 2014/Haziran dönemlerinde Polonya Czestochowa University of Technology’de misafir Öğretim Üyesi olarak görev yaptı. (Halen Bilim Kurulu Üyesi / https://pea-journal.eu/scientific-committee.html )
2015 Hindistan’da (Devi Ahilya Üniversititesi) düzenlenen “Invitation for International Conference of Patel Group of Institutions (ITESM – 2015)” başlıklı uluslararası konferansa Türkiye’yi temsilen katıldı “Evaluation of the Effects of Globalization on the Taxes for Income from International Financial Investment in Turkey in Terms of the OECD Model (Taxation on Dividends)” konulu çalışmasıyla 123 çalışma arasında Uluslararası En İyi Araştırma “International the Best Paper” ödülüne layık görüldü.
“The Possible Effects of Personal Income Tax and Value Added Tax on Consumer Behaviors” başlıklı makalesi Harvard Üniversity ve Cornell University tarafından yayınlanmıştır. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019arXiv191003141A/abstract ;
https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03141?fbclid=IwAR0ICFVYA6h3r2iaZsaxZdjkqFFkz0HoDwbDil5VvN6ITDE0VnSm44B1fbo
Segull Publications: Director in Board of Development ve International Journal of Tax Economics and Management IJTEM, Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı ve Baş Editörü
Tevhidi Düşünce Derneği Yönetim Kurulu Başkan Yardımcısı ve İLMAR (İlmi ve Metodolojik Araştırmalar Derneği) Yönetim Kurulu üyesi.
BILTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) altında çalışmaktadır.