Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria
Öz
What obligations do fuelwood suppliers and end-users have to the environment in the market-driven economy? Can fuelwood supply and demand behaviors be managed through tax governance to preserve the ecosystem? To provide answers to the questions, this study investigates the environmental conscious supply and demand for fuelwood in rural and urban areas and implications for ethical argument and tax governance in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objective, primary data collected with a questionnaire from randomly selected fuelwood suppliers and end-users were analyzed with mean, percentage, standard deviation, and t-statistics. The findings show that respondents were mainly young females (45years), literate (64%), married with relatively large family size (8 persons). They depend on farming (41%) and trading (41%) as major sources of livelihood. Fuelwood market participants and channel involve fuelwood gatherers, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users. The markets assume a competitive structure. The per capita fuelwood consumption in rural areas (19kg) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the value (9.8kg) obtained in urban areas. Households’ per capita expenditure on fuelwood was ₦3,800 (US$108.57) and ₦1,960 (US$5.60) in rural and urban areas, respectively. Environmentally consciousness of fuelwood end-users should be fine-tuned by eco-tax and eco-subsidy governance in Nigeria.
Anahtar Kelimeler
firewood demand and supply,eco-tax governance,fuel wood market
Kaynakça
- Agarwal, B. (1986). Cold Hearths and Barren Scopes. London: Zed Press. https://www.amazon.com/cold-hearths-Barren-scope-woodfuel/dp/0862325390
- Armitage, J., and Schranm, G. (1989). “Managing the Supply of and Demand for Fuel wood in Africa”. In Environmental Management and Economic Development, eds. G. Schramm and J. Warford. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
- DFID (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheefs London Department for International Development.
- Eckholm, E., Foley, G., Barnard, G., and L. Timberlake. (1984). Fuel wood: The Energy Crisis that won’t go away. London Earfriscan Publications.
- Endres, A. (2011). Environmenta l economics: Theory and policy (1st ed.).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- FAO (2000). Forests, Fuels and the Future. Forestry Tropics, Report No.5, FAO, Rome.
- Fearnside, P. (1986). “Spatial Concentration of Deforestation I, The Brazilian Amazon” 15:74-81.
- IEA (2010). World Energy Outlook. Paris, International Energy Agency. www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/we01010pdf).
- Kombat AM, Wätzold F. (2019) The emer-gence of environmental taxes in Ghana—A public choice anal-ysis. Environmental Policy Governance. 29: 46–54.https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1829
- Larinde, S.L. and Olasupo, O.O. (2011). Socio-Economical Importance of Fuel Wood Production in Gombari Forest Reserve Area, Oyo State, Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 11(1).
