The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity on CO2 emissions from Fuel Combustions for the Case of Turkey: A Cointegration Analyses

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 169 - 187, 04.04.2019

Nezahat Dogan , Mehmet Karay

Öz

This study aims to investigate
the impact of renewable energy consumption and energy intensity on CO₂
emissions from fuel combustions (Mt CO₂), over the period 1971-2015
for the case of Turkey within the framework of Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC)
hypothesis. The results support the presence and validation of EKC hypothesis
with the positive impact of renewable energy consumption on CO₂
emission in both short run and long run. Moreover, it also shows that higher
level of energy intensity raises CO₂ emission, which indicates that
1% increase in energy intensity increase CO₂ emission by 0.96% in
long run, while renewable energy consumption cause to fall in CO₂
emissions by 0.19%. Therefore, policy makers in Turkey should encourage using
of renewable energy in both of production and consumption and consider the
negative impacts of energy intensity while determining related policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 emissions, Renewable energy consumption, Energy intensity

Kaynakça

• Akbostanci, E., Turut-Asik, S., & Tunc, G. I. (2009). The Relationship between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is There An Environmental Kuznets Curve? Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 861-867.
• Atici, C. (2009). Carbon Emissions in Central and Eastern Europe: Environmental Kuznets Curve and Implications for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development, Vol. 17, pp.155-160, doi: 10.1002/sd.372
• Aydin, C., Esen, O. (2018). Does The Level of Energy Intensity Matter in The Effect of Energy Consumption on The Growth of Transition Economies? Evidence from Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis. Energy Economics, Vol. 69, pp. 185-195, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.010
• Bilgili F, Koçak E, Bulut Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 54, pp.838–45, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
• Dogan, N. (2016). Agriculture and Environmental Kuznet Curves in the Case of Turkey: Evidence from the ARDL and Bounds Test. Agricultural Economics, Vol.62, No.12, pp. 566-574, doi: 10.17221/112/2015-AGRIECON
• Dogan, E, Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in the European Union: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy, Vol. 94, pp. 429-439.Doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078.
• Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B., (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914, NBER, Cambridge MA.
• Fan, Y., Liu, L.C., Wu, G, Wei, Y.M. (2006). Analysing Impact Factors of CO2 Emissions Using the STIRPAT Model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.377-395, doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2005.11.007
• Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emission, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, pp. 1156-1164, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
• International Energy Agency (IEA) (2016). Energy policies of IEA countries; Turkey (2016 Review). Available at: https://www.iea.org/publications/.../EnergyPoliciesofIEACountriesTurkey.pdf (Accessed on July 2018)
• International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017). IEA Headline global energy data (2017 edition). Available at: http://www.iea.org/media/statistics/IEA_HeadlineEnergyData_2017.xlsx (Accessed on July 2018)
• International Energy Agency (IEA) (2018). Perspectives for the energy transition: the role of energy efficiency. Available at: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/april/economic-value-of-energy-efficiency-can-drive-reductions-in-global-co2-emissions.html (Accessed on July 2018)
• Irandoust, M. (2016). The renewable energy-growth nexus with carbon emissions and technological innovation: evidence from the Nordic countries. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 69, pp. 118-125, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.051.
• Ito, K. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Evidence From Panel Data for Developing Countries. International Economics,1pp. 151-156, doi: 10.1016/j.inteco.2017.02.001.
• Jebli, MB., Youssef, SB., Ozturk I. (2016). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 60, pp.824-831, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
• Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Anaysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 12, pp. 231-254.
• Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, Vol. 59, pp. 1580.
• Kavak, K., (2005) .Energy Efficiency in the World and Turkey and Investigation of Energy Efficiency in Turkish Industry. State Planning Organization (Turkey), Ankara, DPT- 2689. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=37104803 (Accessed on July 2018)
• Kok, B., Benli, H. (2017). Energy diversity and nuclear energy for sustainable development in Turkey. Renewable Energy, Vol. 111, pp. 870-877, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.001
• Lantz, V., Feng, Q. (2006). Assessing Income, Population, and Technology Impacts on CO2 Emissions in Canada: Where's the EKC?. Ecological Economics, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 229–38.
• Mahmood, T., Ahmad, E. (2018).The Relationship of Energy Intensity with Economic Growth: Evidence for European Economies. Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 20, pp-90-98, doi:10.1016/j.esr.2018.02.002
• Metcalf, G.E. (2006). Energy Conservation in the United States: Understanding its Role in Climate Policy, Working Paper, 12272
• Moutinho, V, Robaina, M. (2016). Is the Share of Renewable Energy Sources Determining the CO2 Kwh and Income Relation in Electricity Generation?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 65, pp. 902-914, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.007.
• Nkora, E., Uko, A.K. (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Cointegration Technique: Application and Interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, vol.5, no.4, pp. 63-91
• Ozturk I., Acaravci A. (2010). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, No. 9, pp.3220-3225, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.005
• Ozturk, M., Yuksel, Y.E. (2016). Energy Structure of Turkey for Sustainable Development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 53, pp. 1259-1272, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.087
• Paramatia, SR., Mob, D., Gupta, R. (2017). The effects of Stock Market Growth and Renewable Energy Use On CO2 Emissions: Evidence from G20 Countries. Energy Economics,Vol. 66, pp. 360-371, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.06.025.
• Pata, U.K. (2018). Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 187, pp.770-779, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
• Pesaran,M.H., Smith, R.J., and Shin, Y. ,(2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, pp. 289-326.
• Sadorsky, P. (2014). The Effect of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Emerging Economies. Energy Economics, No.41, pp. 147-153, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.11.007
• Sebri, M., Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the Causal Dynamics between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Trade Openness: Fresh Evidence from BRICS Countries. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review,Vol. 39, pp. 14-23, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
• Shahbaz, M.,Solarin, S. A., Sbia, R., Bibi, S. (2015). Does Energy Intensity Contribute to CO2 Emissions? A Trivariate Analysis in Selected African Countries. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 50, pp. 215-224, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.007
• The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, General Directorate of Renewable Energy (2018). Türkiye enerji Verimliliği Gelişim Raporu 2018. EV-2018-01-V1, Enerji Verimliliği Dairesi Başkanlığı Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Grubu, Available at: http://www.yegm.gov.tr/document/enver_gelisim_rapor_2018.pdf (Accessed on July 2018)
• The World Bank (2014). Understanding CO2 Emissions from The Global. 2014/5, No.85126, Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/873091468155720710/pdf/851260BRI0Live00Box382147B00PUBLIC0.pdf
• The World Bank (2015). Turkey’s Energy Transition Milestones and Challenges. Report no: ACS14951, Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/249831468189270397/Turkey-s-energy-transition-milestones-and-challenges (Accessed on August 2018)
• Turkish Statistical Institute (2018). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 2016. No. 27675. Available at: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27675 (Accessed on July 2018)
• Zambrano, M. A., Zambrano, C.A., Davalos, J.L., Zambrano, A., Ruano, M.A. (2018). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Peru: The Role of Renewable Electricity, Petroleum and Dry Natural Gas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 82, pp. 4170-4178, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.11.005