Synthesis of various DNA hybrid nanocomposites and investigation of peroxidase mimic activity

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to synthesize hybrid nanocomposites from various DNA sequences and to investigate their peroxidase mimic activities. Method: The DNA sequences were used as the organic component and the copper (II) ions were used as the inorganic component for the synthesis. The effect of different synthesis conditions (pH and concentration) on morphology was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the peroxidase mimic activity of nanocomposites was examined. Findings: DNA sequences coded as C20, C20A and C20AA were used at various concentrations within three synthesis environments with different pH levels. This resulted in the formation of flower-like hybrid nanocomposite structures. These structures also exhibited effective peroxidase mimic activity. Conclusion: Various DNA hybrid nanocomposites can be synthesised successfully. These nanocomposites could be used in DNA-related drug delivery systems.

Keywords

• DNA
• nanocomposite
• peroxidase mimic activity

Çeşitli DNA hibrit nanokompozitlerin sentezlenmesi ve enzimatik aktivitenin incelenmesi

Abstract

Özet Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çeşitli DNA sekanslarından hibrit nanokompozitler sentezlenmesi ve peroksidaz benzeri aktivitelerinin araştırılmasıdır. Metod: Sentez için organik kısım olarak DNA sekansları, inorganik kısım olarak bakır (II) iyonları kullanılmıştır. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile farklı sentez şartlarının (pH, konsantrasyon) morfolojiye olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca nanokompozitlerin peroksidaz benzeri aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: C20, C20A ve C20AA kodlu DNA sekansları farklı konsantrasyonlarda kullanılarak farklı pH değerine sahip üç farklı sentez ortamında istenilen çiçek benzeri hibrit nanokompozit yapılar oluşmuştur. Bu yapılar etkili peroksidaz enzim benzeri aktivite de sergilemişlerdir. Sonuç: Çeşitli DNA sekanslarından DNA hibrit nanokompozitler başarıyla sentezlenebilmektedir. Bu nanokompozitler DNA ilişkili ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlerde kullanılabilme potansiyeli taşımaktadır.

Keywords

• DNA
• nanokompozit
• peroksidaz benzeri aktivite

References

1. [1] Camargo, P. H. C., Satyanarayana, K. G. & Wypych, F. (2009). Nanocomposites: synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities. Materials Research, 12(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392009000100002
2. [2] Loy, D. A. & Shea, K. J. (1995). Bridged polysilsesquioxanes: Highly porous hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Chemical Reviews, 95(5), 1431–1442. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00037a013
3. [3] Díaz, U. & Corma, A. (2018). Organic-inorganic hybrid materials: Multi-functional solids for multi-step reaction processes. Chemistry – A European Journal, 24(16), 3944–3958. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201704185
4. [4] Meroni, D., Ardizzone, S., Schubert, U. S. & Hoeppener, S. (2012). Probe-based electro-oxidative lithography of OTS SAMs deposited onto transparent ITO substrates. Advanced Functional Materials, 22(20), 4376–4382. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200673
5. [5] Sanchez, C., Belleville, P., Popall, M. & Nicole, L. (2011). Applications of advanced hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials: From laboratory to market. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(2), 696–753. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00136h
6. [6] Dragonetti, C., Colombo, A., Magni, M., et al. (2013). Thiocyanate-free ruthenium(II) sensitizer with a pyrid-2-yltetrazolate ligand for dye-sensitized solar cells. Inorganic Chemistry, 52(19), 10723–10725. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic401843f
7. [7] Zhuo-Fu, W., Zhi, W., Ye, Z., et al. (2016). Amino acids-incorporated nanoflowers with an intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. Scientific Reports, 6, 22412. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22412
8. [8] Ge, J., Lei, J. & Zare, R. N. (2012). Protein–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. Nature Nanotechnology, 7, 428–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.80

9. [9] Cui, J., Zhao, Y., Liu, R., Zhong, C. & Jia, S. (2016). Surfactant-activated lipase hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced enzymatic performance. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 27928. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27928
10. [10] Ocsoy, I., Dogru, E. & Usta, S. (2015). A new generation of flowerlike horseradish peroxidases as a nanobiocatalyst for superior enzymatic activity. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 75, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.010
11. [11] Altinkaynak, C., Tavlasoglu, S., Özdemir, N. & Ocsoy, I. (2016). A new generation approach in enzyme immobilization: Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced catalytic activity and stability. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 93, 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.003
12. [12] Yilmaz, S. G., Demirbas, A., Karaagac, Z., et al. (2022). Synthesis of taurine-Cu₃(PO₄)₂ hybrid nanoflower and their peroxidase-mimic and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Biotechnology, 343, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.009
13. [13] Celik, C., Ildiz, N. & Ocsoy, I. (2020). Building block and rapid synthesis of catecholamines-inorganic nanoflowers with their peroxidase-mimicking and antimicrobial activities. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59803-8
14. [14] Dadi, S., Celik, C., Mandal, A. K. & Ocsoy, I. (2021). Dopamine and norepinephrine assistant-synthesized nanoflowers immobilized membrane with peroxidase mimic activity for efficient detection of model substrates. Applied Nanoscience, 11(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01459-y
15. [15] Seeman, N. C. & Sleiman, H. F. (2017). DNA nanotechnology. Nature Reviews Materials, 3(1), 17068. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.68
16. [16] Lu, S., Shen, J., Fan, C., Li, Q. & Yang, X. (2021). DNA assembly-based stimuli-responsive systems. Advanced Science, 8(13), 2100328. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100328
17. [17] Liu, B., Zhang, J. & Li, L. (2019). Metal-DNA coordination-driven self-assembly: A conceptual methodology to expand the repertoire of DNA nanobiotechnology. Chemistry – A European Journal, 25(59), 13452–13457. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904472
18. [18] Yuan, Y., Gu, Z., Yao, C., Luo, D. & Yang, D. (2019). Nucleic acid–based functional nanomaterials as advanced cancer therapeutics. Small, 15(26), 1900172. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900172
19. [19] Lin, C., Jungmann, R., Leifer, A. M., Li, C., Levner, D. & Church, G. M. (2012). Submicrometre geometrically encoded fluorescent barcodes self-assembled from DNA. Nature Chemistry, 4(10), 832–839. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1446
20. [20] Lutsenko, S., Roy, S. & Tsvetkov, P. (2025). Mammalian copper homeostasis: Physiological roles and molecular mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 105(1), 441–491. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00011.2024
21. [21] Li, H., Hou, J., Duan, L., Ji, C., Zhang, Y. & Chen, V. (2017). Graphene oxide-enzyme hybrid nanoflowers for efficient water soluble dye removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 338, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.037
22. [22] Baldemir, A., Köse, N. B., Ildiz, N., et al. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) extract and its major components-based nanoflowers: A new strategy to enhance antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances, 7, 44303–44312. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA06786H
23. [23] Nhung, T. T., Bu, Y. & Lee, S. W. (2013). Facile synthesis of chitosan-mediated gold nanoflowers as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Journal of Crystal Growth, 373, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.01.024
24. [24] Nisari, M. (2025). Apple peel extract based formation of organic-inorganic nanoflower with ıntrinsic peroxidase mimic and antimcrobial activities. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 18, 403-409. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1660959
25. [25] Ildiz, N., Baldemir, A., Altinkaynak, C., Özdemir, N., Yilmaz, V. & Ocsoy, I. (2017). Self-assembled snowball-like hybrid nanostructures comprising Viburnum opulus L. extract and metal ions for antimicrobial and catalytic applications. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 102, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.05.006