SOCİAL AND POLİTİCAL (THE OTHERS) EXCLUSİONS WİTHİN THE POST-YUGOSLAV ETHNONATİONAL İNSTİTUTİONALİZATİON İN BOSNİA AND HERZEGOVİNA

Öz

The paper analyzes the concepts, causes, and normative solutions of social and political exclusions in Bosnia and Herzegovina within post-Yugoslavia's ethnonationalism paradigm and the Dayton Constitution. War, post-war neoliberalism produced economic destitution and social exclusions. Along with the clerical, ethnonationalism showed diligence as the primary determinant of patriotism, advocating the ideology of exclusion. The radicalization of certain groups became acceptable, as they would stand for homogenous countries. Lack of efficient form with a professional and robust government capable of making autonomous reforms in the economy and social spheres influences phenomena. B&H's imposed ethnopolitical concept of "constituent peoples" rigidly removes the civic order, the citizen ideal, rights, and freedoms, decreasing political collectivism. The Dayton patterned ethnic-religious exclusivism and the unconstitutional "hybrid" identities. By ethnoreligious criteria, three groups of citizens are given the right to make decisions, generating political representation issues for the "Others." Although they do not represent a homogeneous group, they have the right to recognize their human rights. With a revised notion (national minorities, non-nationals, Bosnians), "Others" would be given the right to be represented in all state institutions, thus eliminating discrimination. Participation in the state's formation would reduce their unconstitutionality - decision-making process. The true expression of national freedom lies in the richness of human nature instead of the violent rigidity of ethnonationalism reserve. Overcoming sociopolitical exclusions and the economic necessity by systemic institutional transformation and EU political integration is demanding. "Two schools under one roof" model negates emancipation's educational process proclaiming systemic exclusion and ethnoreligious discrimination, amplifying security stalemate. Social status and stigma of trafficking-exploitation victims in sociolegal frameworks have substantial victimization dynamics consequences. More critical insight should be recognized as feminist theoretically significant to studying the phenomenon.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• former-Yugoslavia
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• ethnonationalism
• social exclusions
• political exclusions

Kaynakça

1. Eurostat, Migration and migrant population statistics (2017), available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20190321-1
2. Unicef Annual Report (2016), available at https://www.unicef.org/media/49126/file/2016arr_health.pdf
3. Hadžić, F. (2020) The European Union (EU) Political Identity within the migrant crisis, and the Balkan – Bosnian route; xenophobia and religious identity. Research, Society and Development, 9(10), pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8685
4. Hadžić, F. (2020). The political psychology of extremism; “naturalness” of the phenomenon in the Western Balkans. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 11(1), pp. 250-267. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1519
5. Išerič, H. (2019) Judgments of the European Court for Human Rights in Cases Sejdić and Finci, Zornić, Šlaku and Pilav – nudum ius in BiH, available at http://www.fcjp.ba/analize/Harun_Iseric-Presude_ESLJP_Sejdic_i_Finci,_Zornic,_Pilav_i_Slaku%E2%80%93nudum_ius_u_BiH.pdf
6. Statistical Yearbook of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, (1991) Republic Statistical Office, available at http://www.bhas.ba/?lang=en
7. Perspektiva, (2015) Radio Free Europe in cooperation with The National Endowment for Democracy, TV-series
8. Transparency International Anual Report, (2018), available at https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina https://www.dw.com/bs/egzodus-iz-bosne-i-hercegovine/a-49486241, (2019), page accessed 20.10.2020.

9. World Bank, (2010) Quantitative analysis of the on economic mobility, labor market, and gender issues in B&H, available at http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/754241467992483659/pdf/97640-ESW-P132666-and-P152786-Box385353B-PUBLIC-BiH-Gender-Disparities-in-Endowments.pdf
10. UNDP,(2009) Legal Empowerment of the Poor and the Elimination of Poverty, available at https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/reports/Legal%20empowerment%20of%20the%20poor.pdf
11. Woodward, S. (2010)Varieties of State-Building in the Balkans: A Case for Shifting Focus, available at https://www.berghoffoundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Articles/woodward_handbook.pdf
12. Papić, Ž. (2002) Bosnia and the Balkans, Opportunities and Conditions for Recovery, Forum Bosna / e, Sarajevo, Vol. 17/02
13. Hadžić, F. (2020) The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, Vol. 40, Iss. 7 , Article 8, pp. 1-27
14. Arcel, L.,Popovic, S.,Kucukalic,A., Mehmedbasic, A.,& Ljubotina,D. (2003) Treatment of torture and trauma survivors in a post-war society, Association for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims, Centre for Torture Victims (CTV Sarajevo), pp. 135-158
15. Zavod za statistiku B&H, (2018) Anketa o potrošnji kućanstava 2015, available at http://bhas.gov.ba/data/Publikacije/Bilteni/2018/CIS_01_2015_Y1_0_HR.pdf
16. Papic, Z. (2016) Put progresivne ljevice u BiH, Siromaštvo i radničko siromaštvo u BiH, Socijalna kriza u BiH - siromaštvo i socijalna nejednakost - Šta da se radi?, Sarajevo: Forum Lijeve Inicijative
17. UNDP, Annual report, (2018), available at https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/corporate/annual-report-2018.html
18. UNDP, (2007),National Human Development Report, https://www.ba.undp.org/content/bosnia_and_herzegovina/en/home/library/nhdr/nhdr-2007.html
19. Paunović, Ž. (2007) Budućnost civilnog društva, Beograd: Centar za razvoj civilnog drustva
20. Pugh, M., Divjak,B. (2012) The political economy of corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: selling the peace, pp. 99-113
21. Carol,H., (2011) The politics of rescue, Peacekeeping and anti-trafficking programmes in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, International Feminist Journal of Politics,Vol 7, pp. 175-206
22. Gromača, T. (2004) Crnac, Zagreb: Durieux
23. Adžajlić-Dedović A. (2003) Prostitution in BiH,‪ Sarajevo:Fakultet kriminalističkih nauka
24. Hadžič, F.,(2020) Transnational Human Trafficking and Stigmatization in the Western Balkans – Bosnia and Herzegovina; Socio-Political and Economic Framework. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 3(2), pp. 178-195 http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRJSSH.3.2.06
25. https://fatmiralispahic.ba/2003/10/08/hrvatski-nacizam-u-bosanskim-skolama/, page accessed 1.11.2020
26. Kunz, J. (2003) Where Is Platform 9 ¾? Understanding Income Security and Social Exclusion, CCSD/HRDC conference “Building a Social Inclusion Research Agenda”.
27. Initiative for better and human inclusion, Report, (2019), available at http://www.ibhi.ba/Documents/Publikacije/2019/Prvi_policy_papir_finalna_verzija.pdf
28. Social inclusion fondation in B&H, Report, (2019), available at https://sif.ba/Documents/Drugi%20policy%20papir-%20Prema%20Evropskoj%20Uniji%20-%20Preporuke%20za%20unaprje%C4%91enje%20socijalnog%20uklju%C4%8Divanja%20u%20BiH.pdf
29. Bejakovic, P. (2009), Vodic za socijalnu uljucenost. Beograd:Institut za javne financije
30. Saunders, P., Tsumori, K. (2002) Poor Concepts, Social Exclusion, Poverty and the Politics of Guilt. Policy 18, pp. 32–37.
31. Vleminckx, K. and Berghman, J. (2001) Social Exclusion and the Welfare State: An Overview of Conceptual Issues and Implications, Elgar: Cheltenham
32. Ademovic, N., Marko, J. and Markovic,G. (2012) Ustavno pravo Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo: Fondacija Konrad Adenauer e. V.