BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 35 - 64, 29.11.2013

Öz

Özet: El-Shinqiti'nin bir önceki İngilizce orijinal makalesinin burada Türkçesinisunuyoruz. El-Shinqiti bu yazıda, özellikle 11 Eylül sonrası önce Amerika sonratüm dünyada ortaya çıkan İslamophobia'nın arka planına, ilk dönem Amerika'dakiİslam ve Müslüman algısının kökenine inmeye çalışıyor. Yazı AmerikalılarınMüslüman algısını barbar-berberi edebiyatına yansıdığı şekliyle ve günümüzAmerikan kültüründe geçmişin izlerini arayarak incelemektedir. Amerika'nınkuruluşunda Amerikalılar gerçek ve kurgusal Müslümanlarla karşılaşmışlardır.Geleneksel Avrupa Oryantalizminin dört ana temasının ilk dönem Amerikanbarbar-berberi edebiyatında kolaylıkla bulunabilir. El-Shinqiti Yanlış İslam algısıve düşmanlığının ilk dönemlerde daha yeni şekillenmeye çalışan ulus kimlikinşa etmek için özellikle yapıldığını ifade ediyor. Müslümanlara yönelik oluşanönyargıların arka planını ve günümüzle karşılaştırmalarını içeren bu yazınınfaydalı olacağı temennisi ile sizlere Türkçe olarak da sunulmuştur.

Anahtar kelimeler: Amerika, Müslümanlar, Türkler, Hıristiyanlık, oryantalizm,kimlik, algı, kalıp yargı.

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Robert J. 1995. The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim
  • World 1776-1815. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Austin, Allan D. 1986. African Muslims in Antebellum America: A Source Book.
  • New York and London: Gerald Publishing, Inc.
  • Baepler, Paul. 1999. White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American
  • Barbary Captivity Narratives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cantor, Milton. “A Connecticut Yankee in a Barbary Court: Joel Barlow's Algerian
  • Letters to His Wife,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 19, No. 1
  • (Jan., 1962), pp. 86-109
  • Fisher, Godfrey. 1957. Barbary Legend: War, Trade and Piracy in North Africa,
  • -1830. Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Friedman, Ellen. “The Exercise of Religion by Spanish Captives in North Africa”,
  • Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Apr., 1975), p. 21
  • Hammurabi's Code of Laws, Translated by L. W. King, Retrieved May 5, 2007 from:
  • http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi.htm
  • Jefferson. Thomas, Autobiography (the Avalon Project at Yale Law School), retrieved
  • April 15, 2007 from: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffauto.htm.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Eighth Annual Message to Congress. November 8, 1808 http://
  • www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/jeffmes8.htm. (The Avalon Project)
  • Retrieved April 11, 2007
  • Kidd, Thomas S. “Is It Worse to Follow Mahomet than the Devil?: Early American
  • Uses of Islam”, Church History. 72, no. 4, (2003) p.766-790
  • Markoe, Peter. 1787. The Algerian Spy in Pennsylvania or Letters written by a Native
  • of Algiers on the Affairs of the United States in America from the Close of the Year
  • to the Meeting of the Convention. Philadelphia: Richard and Hall
  • Marr, Timothy. 2006. The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism. Cambridge:
  • Cambridge University Press.
  • Matar, Nabil. 2002. In the Lands of the Christians: Arab Travel Writing in the 17th
  • Century. New York. Routledge
  • McAlister, Melani. 2001. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the
  • Middle East, 1945-2000. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • McAlister, Melani, “Saving Private Lynch”, New York Times, April 6, 2003
  • Myles, Anne G. “Slaves in Algiers, Captives in Iraq: The strange career of the
  • Barbary captivity narrative”, from: http://www.common-place.org/vol-05/no-01/
  • myles/index.shtml. vol. 5 · no. 1 · October 2004, retrieved May 5, 2007
  • Norton, Marry B. 1980. Liberty's Daughters: the Revolutionary Experience of
  • American Women, 1750-1800. United States: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Parker, Richard B. 2004. Uncle Sam in Barbary: A Diplomatic History. Gainesville:
  • University Press of Florida.
  • Radosh, Ronald. “American foreign policy at home in the Middle East”. The Weekly
  • Standard, 02/05/2007, Volume 012, Issue 20
  • Rowson, Susanna H. 1794. Slaves in Algiers; or, a struggle for freedom: a play,
  • interspersed with songs, in three acts. Philadelphia: Wrigley and Berriman, prtrs.,
  • Said, Edward W. 1979. Orientalism, New York: Vantage.
  • Shaler, William. 1826. Sketches of Algiers, Political, Historical, and Civil; Containing
  • an Account of the Geography, Population, Government, Revenues, Commerce,
  • Agriculture, Arts, Civil Institutions, Tribes, Manners, Languages, and Recent Political
  • History of that Country. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard and Company.
  • Shaler, William. On the Language, Manners, and Customs of the Berbers, or
  • Berbers, of Africa. Communicated by William Shaler, Consul of the United States
  • at Algiers, in a Series of Letters to Peter S. Du Ponceau, and by the Latter to the
  • Society Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Ser., Vol. 2 (1825),
  • pp. 438-465
  • Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signed at Algiers September 5, 1795, Article 16 (the
  • Avalon Project) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1795t.
  • htm. re112trieved April 12, 2007.
  • Wheelan, Joseph. 2003. Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror. Carroll &
  • Graf Publishers.
  • Washington, George. Eighth Annual Message of George Washington United States,
  • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/washs08.htm December 7, 1796
  • (The Avalon Project)
  • Washington, George. Seventh Annual Message of George Washington United States,
  • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/washs07.htm (The Avalon Project)
  • December 8, 1795
Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 35 - 64, 29.11.2013

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Robert J. 1995. The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim
  • World 1776-1815. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Austin, Allan D. 1986. African Muslims in Antebellum America: A Source Book.
  • New York and London: Gerald Publishing, Inc.
  • Baepler, Paul. 1999. White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American
  • Barbary Captivity Narratives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cantor, Milton. “A Connecticut Yankee in a Barbary Court: Joel Barlow's Algerian
  • Letters to His Wife,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 19, No. 1
  • (Jan., 1962), pp. 86-109
  • Fisher, Godfrey. 1957. Barbary Legend: War, Trade and Piracy in North Africa,
  • -1830. Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Friedman, Ellen. “The Exercise of Religion by Spanish Captives in North Africa”,
  • Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Apr., 1975), p. 21
  • Hammurabi's Code of Laws, Translated by L. W. King, Retrieved May 5, 2007 from:
  • http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi.htm
  • Jefferson. Thomas, Autobiography (the Avalon Project at Yale Law School), retrieved
  • April 15, 2007 from: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffauto.htm.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Eighth Annual Message to Congress. November 8, 1808 http://
  • www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/jeffmes8.htm. (The Avalon Project)
  • Retrieved April 11, 2007
  • Kidd, Thomas S. “Is It Worse to Follow Mahomet than the Devil?: Early American
  • Uses of Islam”, Church History. 72, no. 4, (2003) p.766-790
  • Markoe, Peter. 1787. The Algerian Spy in Pennsylvania or Letters written by a Native
  • of Algiers on the Affairs of the United States in America from the Close of the Year
  • to the Meeting of the Convention. Philadelphia: Richard and Hall
  • Marr, Timothy. 2006. The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism. Cambridge:
  • Cambridge University Press.
  • Matar, Nabil. 2002. In the Lands of the Christians: Arab Travel Writing in the 17th
  • Century. New York. Routledge
  • McAlister, Melani. 2001. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the
  • Middle East, 1945-2000. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • McAlister, Melani, “Saving Private Lynch”, New York Times, April 6, 2003
  • Myles, Anne G. “Slaves in Algiers, Captives in Iraq: The strange career of the
  • Barbary captivity narrative”, from: http://www.common-place.org/vol-05/no-01/
  • myles/index.shtml. vol. 5 · no. 1 · October 2004, retrieved May 5, 2007
  • Norton, Marry B. 1980. Liberty's Daughters: the Revolutionary Experience of
  • American Women, 1750-1800. United States: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Parker, Richard B. 2004. Uncle Sam in Barbary: A Diplomatic History. Gainesville:
  • University Press of Florida.
  • Radosh, Ronald. “American foreign policy at home in the Middle East”. The Weekly
  • Standard, 02/05/2007, Volume 012, Issue 20
  • Rowson, Susanna H. 1794. Slaves in Algiers; or, a struggle for freedom: a play,
  • interspersed with songs, in three acts. Philadelphia: Wrigley and Berriman, prtrs.,
  • Said, Edward W. 1979. Orientalism, New York: Vantage.
  • Shaler, William. 1826. Sketches of Algiers, Political, Historical, and Civil; Containing
  • an Account of the Geography, Population, Government, Revenues, Commerce,
  • Agriculture, Arts, Civil Institutions, Tribes, Manners, Languages, and Recent Political
  • History of that Country. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard and Company.
  • Shaler, William. On the Language, Manners, and Customs of the Berbers, or
  • Berbers, of Africa. Communicated by William Shaler, Consul of the United States
  • at Algiers, in a Series of Letters to Peter S. Du Ponceau, and by the Latter to the
  • Society Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Ser., Vol. 2 (1825),
  • pp. 438-465
  • Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signed at Algiers September 5, 1795, Article 16 (the
  • Avalon Project) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1795t.
  • htm. re112trieved April 12, 2007.
  • Wheelan, Joseph. 2003. Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror. Carroll &
  • Graf Publishers.
  • Washington, George. Eighth Annual Message of George Washington United States,
  • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/washs08.htm December 7, 1796
  • (The Avalon Project)
  • Washington, George. Seventh Annual Message of George Washington United States,
  • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/sou/washs07.htm (The Avalon Project)
  • December 8, 1795
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

M. El-moctar El-shınqıtı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA El-shınqıtı, M. E.-m. (2013). İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı. Birey Ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 35-64.
AMA El-shınqıtı MEm. İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Kasım 2013;3(1):35-64.
Chicago El-shınqıtı, M. El-moctar. “İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı”. Birey Ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 3, sy. 1 (Kasım 2013): 35-64.
EndNote El-shınqıtı ME-m (01 Kasım 2013) İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 3 1 35–64.
IEEE M. E.-m. El-shınqıtı, “İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı”, Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 35–64, 2013.
ISNAD El-shınqıtı, M. El-moctar. “İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı”. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 3/1 (Kasım 2013), 35-64.
JAMA El-shınqıtı ME-m. İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;3:35–64.
MLA El-shınqıtı, M. El-moctar. “İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı”. Birey Ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 1, 2013, ss. 35-64.
Vancouver El-shınqıtı ME-m. İlk Dönem Amerikalıların İslam Algısı. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;3(1):35-64.

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